Presidents Review Ms Malinowski US History Government New

Presidents Review Ms. Malinowski US History & Government New Hartford High School

George Washington (1789 -1797) Unwritten Constitution Chose not to be king No alliances (isolationist)

John Adams (1797 -1801) Alien & Sedition Acts

Thomas Jefferson (1801 -1809) Louisiana Purchase Loose interpretation of the Constitution

James Monroe (18171825) Monroe Doctrine

Andrew Jackson (18291837) INCREASED PRESIDENTIAL POWER Forced Bank of US to close Indian Removal Act Defied Supreme Court Spoils System

Abraham Lincoln (18611865) Civil War Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg Address 10% Plan for Reconstruction Assassinated

Andrew Johnson (18651869) Presidential Reconstruction Impeached but not convicted Why? Violated Tenure of Office Act (passed by Congress to trap Johnson)

Rutherford B. Hayes (1877 -1881) 1876 Election Significance: Like 2000 election, winner did not win the popular vote Hayes won in exchange for ending Reconstruction

Teddy Roosevelt (19011909) • Big Stick Policy • Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • Panama Canal • Progressives • • Workers’ rights & safety Unions Trust-Busting Bull Moose Party - helped Wilson win in 1914

William Howard Taft (1909 -1913) Continued Progressive Reforms Dollar Diplomacy 16 th Amendment (Income Tax)

Woodrow Wilson (19131921) WWI Fourteen Points League of Nations (US did not join) Federal Reserve New Freedom “Right is more important than peace”

Herbert Hoover (19291933) Stock Market Crash Hoovervilles Great Depression

FDR (1933 -1945) Great Depression New Deal 3 Rs (Relief, Recovery, Reform) Government should help to solve social & economic problems Social Security and other assistance programs WWII Neutrality Acts Lend-Lease Pearl Harbor

Harry S. Truman (19451953) Manhattan Project - Atomic bombing of Japan ended WWII Truman Doctrine - containment (Greece & Turkey) NATO Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift United Nations Korean War Fair Deal

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953 -1961) Eisenhower Doctrine - US would use force to resist communism Civil Rights Little Rock Nine Interstate Highway System NASA

JFK (1961 -1963) New Frontier Space Program Peace Corps Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Assassinated

Lyndon Johnson (19631969) Great Society Space Program Civil Rights Act Vietnam

Richard Nixon (1969 -1974) Moon Landing Détente Improved relationship with China Ended Vietnam Watergate Resigned

Gerald Ford (1974 -1977) Pardoned Nixon

Jimmy Carter (1977 -1981) Idealistic Weak economy Gas Shortages Iran Hostage Crisis

Ronald Reagan (1981 – 1989) Reaganomics Conservative on social issues Arms control agreements with USSR (‘ 85, ’ 86, & ’ 87) FP – keep communism out of Latin America Iran-Contra Scandal

George H. W. Bush (1989 – 1993) Inherited budget deficit Cold War ended Persian Gulf War

Bill Clinton (1993 – 2001) Health care Social security reform Reduced nation deficit Approval of NAFTA Impeached in 1998

George W. Bush (2001 – 2009) Bush v. Gore No Child Left Behind Dept. of Homeland Security 9/11 Iraq War Treatment of prisoners Recession

Barack H. Obama (2009 -) First African American president Took office facing economic crisis, high unemployment, poor housing market, rising health care costs, etc.

VIPs Very Important People

Samuel Adams

Jane Addams American Revolutionary War leader from Boston Political organizer, journalist, signer of the Declaration of Independence Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party

John Brown Radical abolitionist Raid at Harper’s Ferry

William Jennings Bryan Populist who supported farmers and free silver Unsuccessful presidential candidate in 1896 and 1900

John C. Calhoun Southern leader Advocated states’ rights VP under Adams and Jackson Resigned over nullification issue

Andrew Carnegie Industrialist and philanthropist Carnegie Steel Company (US Steel) Social Darwinism

Cesar Chavez Organized the United Farm Workers

Eugene V. Debs Union organizer Socialist presidential candidate in every election from 1890 to WWI

Dorothea Dix Social reformer Revolutionized mental health care

Stephen Douglas Illinois Senator Kansas Nebraska Act (increased sectional differences) Lincoln-Douglas debates

Frederick Douglas Former slave Abolitionist Supported women’s suffrage Attended Seneca Falls Convention

W. E. B. Du. Bois African American Civil Rights leader Influenced Harlem Renaissance, published The Crisis Wanted civil and political equality, not just economic

Benjamin Franklin Statesmen, diplomat, and scientist Albany Plan of Union Negotiated Treaty of Paris 1783 (ending Am. Rev. )

Betty Friedan Women’s rights activist The Feminine Mystique NOW

William Lloyd Garrison Abolitionist The Liberator

Marcus Garvey African American separatist leader Ideas influenced Black Power Movement (1960 s)

Samuel Gompers Organizer and president of American Federation of Labor Craft union for skilled workers

Alexander Hamilton Strong central government Wrote 51 of The Federalist Papers First secretary of the treasury

William Randolph Hearst Newspaper publisher Yellow journalism (Sp. AM)

Langston Hughes Poet, playwright, and novelist Harlem Renaissance

Robert Kennedy Attorney general (1961 – 1963) Assassinated in June 1968

Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil rights leader Civil disobedience Southern Christian Leadership Conference Bus boycott I Have A Dream Nobel Peace Prize Assassinated in 1968

Lewis & Clark Expedition to Louisiana Purchase maps

John Locke Enlightenment writer Influenced Declaration of Independence Life, liberty, & property

Henry Cabot Lodge US Senator from MA In favor of imperialism (strongly influenced TR) Led fight against Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations membership

Douglas Mac. Arthur Led US troops in the Pacific in WWII Commander of US occupation forces in Japan after WWII Relieved of command by Truman after he disagreed with the conduct of the Korean War

Malcolm X Leader of 1960 s Black Power movement Assassinated in 1965

George C. Marshall Army chief of staff during WWII Secretary of State under Truman Marshall Plan ($$$ recovery of Europe after WWII)

John Marshall Chief Justice (1801 – 1835) Marbury v. Madison (1803) Mc. Culloch v. Maryland (1819) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Thurgood Marshall African American attorney Argued Brown v. Board of Education Appointed to Supreme Court (first African American to serve)

Joseph R. Mc. Carthy Senator Led campaign to root out suspected Communists in the US Mc. Carthyism (investigations of people involved in public service and entertainment)

Baron de Montesquieu French Enlightenment philosopher Admired British system of government Separation of powers Checks and balances

Thomas Paine Writer Political philosopher Common Sense (pressed for independence from Britain)

Rosa Parks African American civil rights activist 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott Civil Rights Movement

Francis Perkins Social reformer Political leader First woman cabinet member (FDR – secretary of labor)

Matthew Perry Led 1853 – 1854 naval mission to open Japan to world trade Negotiated US trading rights with Japan Treaty of Kanagawa

Joseph Pulitzer Published New York Journal Yellow journalism (helped provoke Spanish American War)

Jacob Riis Journalist, photographer, and social reformer Progressive Era Need for better housing for the poor How the Other Half Lives (1890)

John D. Rockefeller Industrialist Philanthropist Standard Oil Company

Eleanor Roosevelt Political activist (rights for African Americans and women during the New Deal) First Lady Played a key role in the UN Commission on Human Rights (1961)

Rosenbergs Couple convicted and executed for treason in 1953 Mc. Carthyism

Jean-Jacques Rousseau French Enlightenment philosopher Influenced Declaration of Independence (consent of the governed)

Sacco & Vanzetti Italian immigrants and anarchists Executed for armed robbery and murder Anti-radical and anti-immigrant era of the 1920 s Cleared by MA governor in 1977 (50+ years later)

Margaret Sanger Advocate of birth control Founder of a birth-control lobbying group (later became Planned Parenthood)

Upton Sinclair Muckraking journalist Progressive Era The Jungle (exploitation of the poor and the factory conditions that led to contaminated meat) Influenced 1906 Meat Inspection Act

Adam Smith The Wealth of Nation (1776) Political economist Rejected mercantilism Free enterprise system (basis of modern capitalism) Argued for free trade, division of labor, competition, supply and demand, and laissez-faire

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Advocated for women’s rights, abolition, and temperance Began women’s rights movement Seneca Falls Convention Wrote Declaration of Sentiments (1848)

Lincoln Steffans Muckraking journalist Progressive Era The Shame of the Cities (1906) Wrote about corruption in government and business

Harriet Beecher Stowe Writer Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Focused on slavery and contributed to the start of the Civil War)

Ida Tarbell Muckraking journalist History of Standard Oil Exposed Rockefeller’s unfair and ruthless business practices

Voltaire French Enlightenment philosopher Praised British institutions Influenced framers of the Constitution (against religious intolerance and persecution)

Earl Warren Chief Justice (1953 – 1969) Brown v. Board of Education Miranda v. Arizona

Booker T. Washington African American educator, author, and leader Founded Tuskegee Institute (1881) Up from Slavery (1901) Urged vocational education and self-improvement to gain racial equality

Ida Wells African American journalist, suffragist, and reformer Launched a national crusade against lynching in the 1890 s Cofounder of the NAACP

John Peter Zenger German immigrant, printer, and journalist Tried for libel for criticized New York governor in his paper (found not guilty – he printed the truth) Freedom of the press