President Wilsons What he wanted in the treaty

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President Wilson’s (What he wanted in the treaty to end WWI) 14 Points

President Wilson’s (What he wanted in the treaty to end WWI) 14 Points

1 • Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be

1 • Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. Open Diplomacy - No Secret Treaties

2 • Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in

2 • Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. Freedom of the seas

3 • The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the

3 • The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. Removal of economic/trade barriers

4 • Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to

4 • Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. Reduction of Guns, Tanks, Weapons

5 • A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based

5 • A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. Adjustment of colonial claims

6 • The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all

6 • The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. German and Austrian forces removed from Russian territory

7 • Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without

7 • Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. Preservation of Belgian sovereignty

8 • All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and

8 • All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. Restoration of French territory

9 • A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly

9 • A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. Redrawing of Italian frontiers

10 • The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to

10 • The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development. Division of Austria-Hungary

11 • Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded

11 • Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. Redrawing of Balkan boundaries

12 • The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a

12 • The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. Breaking up the Ottoman Empire

13 • An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories

13 • An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. Establishment of an independent Poland

14 • A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for

14 • A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. League of Nations

Russian Revolution • • • 1915: Tsar Nicholas takes command of the army Political

Russian Revolution • • • 1915: Tsar Nicholas takes command of the army Political vacuum in St. Petersburg Provincial government created Tsar abdicates to the Duma Tsar and his family are murdered, ending the Tsarist rule in Russia Cossacks slaughter people of Odessa, 1905

The Soviet Union • Provisional government was short-lived • Communists / Lenin and the

The Soviet Union • Provisional government was short-lived • Communists / Lenin and the Soviets take power • Russia withdraws from WWI in 1917 • Sets the stage for The Cold War Lenin at the Second Congress of the Soviets, 1917

Selective Service Act • 1917 • Allowed the Federal government to begin drafting an

Selective Service Act • 1917 • Allowed the Federal government to begin drafting an army to enter into WWI • What difference between the Selective service act and a regular draft? • The Selective service act allowed soldiers to pay for a substitute • However, this led to most of the army being poor men because only the rich could afford a substitute

The Great Migration • The Migration of African Americans from the South to the

The Great Migration • The Migration of African Americans from the South to the North • Moved for job opportunities and to escape from southern oppression • Northern companies offered incentive for African Americans to relocate

War’s End: The Armistice • November 11, 1918 • 11 th hour of the

War’s End: The Armistice • November 11, 1918 • 11 th hour of the 11 th day of the 11 th month • Temporary agreement to stop fighting • Peace negotiations and treaty were problematic Crowds of people celebrating the armistice

Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” Wilson and French President Raymond Poincare in Paris A sign in

Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” Wilson and French President Raymond Poincare in Paris A sign in Paris reading “Long Live Wilson” • Wilson’s plan for a “peace without victory” • European leaders only implement some of the Fourteen Points in the Versailles Treaty

Treaty of Versailles • Forced Germany to accept full blame for the war •

Treaty of Versailles • Forced Germany to accept full blame for the war • Germany had to pay 33 billion $ in reparations, an impossible amount for the war-devastated country • Germany military limited to 100, 000 no tanks, aircraft, warships, or subs • Germany stripped of all colonies • Empires dissolved • New Countries created • Austria-Hungary broken up • Ottoman Empire broken up • League of Nations established

League of Nations World Disarmament Conference at the League of Nations American anti-League cartoon

League of Nations World Disarmament Conference at the League of Nations American anti-League cartoon • • U. S. Senate rejects the treaty U. S. never joins the League turns out to be very ineffective from 1919 until 1939 - lived a short and inglorious life

Physical and Financial Costs of the War • Food shortages • Farmers lost land

Physical and Financial Costs of the War • Food shortages • Farmers lost land animals • Economic depression • Countries deeply in debt. • Entire generation of men lost due to WWI Starving children in the Ukraine

Rise of Extremism - Germany • Dissatisfaction with government ***Hyperinflation • (one billion deutschmarks

Rise of Extremism - Germany • Dissatisfaction with government ***Hyperinflation • (one billion deutschmarks equaled about one American cent) ***Resentment/anger over Treaty of Versailles ***National Socialists (Nazis) ***Adolf Hitlerdictator of Germany in 1933. Adolf Hitler (x over his head) as a World War I corporal

Number of Deaths Central Powers Allied Powers German soldier lies dead next to his

Number of Deaths Central Powers Allied Powers German soldier lies dead next to his machine gun

Number of Wounded Central Powers Allied Powers Total Central: 9, 311, 000 Total Allied:

Number of Wounded Central Powers Allied Powers Total Central: 9, 311, 000 Total Allied:

New Nations: Europe • Ireland – Michael Collins – Northern Ireland • Division of

New Nations: Europe • Ireland – Michael Collins – Northern Ireland • Division of Austria. Hungary 1. Austria 2. Hungary 3. Czechoslovakia 4. Yugoslavia 5. Other portions went to Romania, Poland, and Italy Sinn Fein members in British Parliament, 1918