President Nixon President Obama Daniel Ellsberg and the

President Nixon – President Obama

Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers n n n Daniel Ellsberg was an employee of the Defense Department who leaked a classified assessment of the Vietnam War in 1971. The 7, 000 page document came to be known as the Pentagon Papers. They cast doubt on the justification for entry into the war and revealed that senior government officials had serious misgivings about the war. When the New York Times and Washington Post began to publish the Pentagon Papers, the Nixon Administration sued them. The Supreme Court ruled that the papers could continue to publish the documents.

The White House Plumbers n n n Howard Hunt G. Gordon Liddy n James Mc. Cord Chuck Colson After the release of the Pentagon Papers, the White House created a unit to ensure internal security. This unit was called the Plumbers because they stopped leaks. In 1971 they burglarized the office of Daniel Ellsberg’s psychiatrist, seeking material to discredit him. It was later revealed that Nixon’s domestic advisor John Ehrlichman knew of and approved the plan.

The Watergate Break-in n n When initial polls showed Nixon in the Election of 1972, the Plumbers turned their activities to political espionage. On 17 June 1972, 5 men were arrested while attempting to bug the headquarters of the Democratic Party inside the Watergate building in Washington D. C. One of the men arrested, James Mc. Cord, was the head of security for the Republican Party. The Nixon campaign denied any involvement.

Woodward, Bernstein and the Washington Post n n Watergate came to public attention largely through the work of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, investigative reporters from the Washington Post. Despite enormous political pressure, Post editor Ben Bradlee, publisher Katherine Graham, Woodward and Bernstein, aided by an enigmatic source nicknamed “Deepthroat” kept the story in the public consciousness until Nixon’s resignation.

Watergate Enters the Nixon Campaign n The break-in was eventually tied to the Nixon reelection campaign through a $25, 000 check from a Republican donor that was laundered through a Mexican bank and deposited in the account of Watergate burglar Bernard Barker. Later it was discovered that Former Attorney General John Mitchell, head of Nixon’s “Committee to Re-Elect the President, ” (CREEP) controlled a secret fund for political espionage. Mitchell would later go to prison for his role in the scandal

The Election of 1972 n Despite the growing stain of Watergate, which had not yet reached the President, Nixon won by the largest margin in history to that point.

The Watergate Investigations: Judge John Sirica n n Watergate came to be investigated by a Special Prosecutor, a Senate committee, and by the judge in the original break-in case. Judge Sirica refused to believe that the burglars had acted alone. In March 1973, defendant James W. Mc. Cord sent a letter to Sirica confirming that it was a conspiracy. Sirica’s investigation transformed Watergate from the story of a “third-rate burglary” to a scandal reaching the highest points in government.

Senate Investigation and the Oval Office Tapes n n The Senate began hearings into Watergate in May 1973. The hearings were televised in their entirety. They focused on when the President knew of the break-in. In June 1973, former White House legal counsel John Dean delivered devastating testimony that implicated Nixon from the earliest days of Watergate.

Senate Investigation and the Oval Office Tapes n n The Administration was eager to discredit Dean and his testimony so it began to release factual challenges to his account. When former White House aide Alexander Butterfield was asked about the source of the White House information, he revealed the existence of an automatic taping system that Nixon had secretly installed in the Oval Office.

The Smoking Gun Tapes n n When the Supreme Court forced Nixon to surrender the tapes. Nixon was implicated from the earliest days of the cover-up: n n n authorizing the payment of hush money attempting to use the CIA to interfere with the FBI investigation. One tape has an 18 ½ minute gap. Nixon’s secretary Rosemary Woods demonstrated how she could have inadvertently erased the tape, but no one bought it. “The smoking gun tapes, ” were released in August 1974, just after the House Judiciary Committee approved Articles of Impeachment against Nixon.

The Saturday Night Massacre n n n Archibald Cox The Administration reached an agreement with the Senate Watergate Committee that its Chairman would be allowed to listen to tapes and provide a transcript to the Committee and to Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox. The deal broke down when Cox refused to accept the transcripts in place of the tapes. Since the Special Prosecutor is an employee of the Justice Department, Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Cox.

The Saturday Night Massacre n n n Robert Bork When Richardson refused, he was fired. Nixon ordered Deputy Attorney General William D. Ruckelshaus to fire Cox. When he refused, he was fired. Nixon then ordered Solicitor General Robert Bork (who was later nominated for the Supreme Court by Reagan) to fire Cox and he complied. The Washington Post reported on the “Saturday Night Massacre. ”

Nixon Resigns n n n On 27 July 1974, the House Judiciary Committee approved Articles of Impeachment against Nixon. The House was to vote on the matter soon. Nixon conceded that impeachment in the House was likely, but he believed that the Senate vote to remove him would fail. On 5 August 1974, when the “smoking gun tape” became public, a delegation from the Republican National Committee told Nixon that he would not survive the vote in the Senate. On 9 August 1974, Richard Nixon became the first American president to resign.

Aftermath Ford announcing the pardon n n n More than 30 government officials went to prison for their role in Watergate. Richard Nixon was not one of them. In September 1974, President Gerald Ford gave Nixon a full pardon. Woodward and Bernstein won the Pulitzer Prize. They collaborated on 2 books, All the President’s Men and The Final Days. In 1976 All the President’s Men was adapted into an Oscar winning film. The identity of Deepthroat was kept secret until W. Mark Felt unmasked himself in 2005.

Ford Domestic Policy Pardoned Nixon for any crimes n Attorney General John Mitchell convicted n Energy Crisis: Oil up $3 to $11 a barrel n Fuel efficient import cars n OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries lifted embargo but limited production Prices remained high n

Ford n n WHIP Inflation Now (WIN) Following Henry Kissenger’s advice Met with Leonid Brezhnev: Helsinki Accords to promise cooperation US ship Mayaguez: Cambodia seized the ship n n Lost 41 men to save 39 Approval rating up 11% Ford during his football years

Carter Presidency n n n 1976: Governor of Georgia won Democrat: “The Peanut Farmer” 2 Major Issues n n Second Oil Crisis American Hostages in Iran

Carter Domestic Policy Amnesty to Vietnam Draft Evaders n Second Oil Crisis in 1979 n Prices up from $11 to $40 a barrel n Environmental concerns n Three Mile Island n Acid Rain n

Camp David Accords n n n n Egyptian Pres. Anwar Sadat Israel’s Prime Minister: Menachem Begin Peace negotiation 1979 Israel return Sinai to Egypt formally recognized Israel Pledge to respect the border Nobel Peace Prize for the leaders

USSR n n n Invaded Afghanistan in 1979 Carter ended Détente US athletes would not participate in 1980 Olympics in Moscow

Iranian Hostage Crisis n n n n Since 1953 supported Shah of Iran Used Iran as base to spy on USSR 1979: Ayatollah Khomeini led revolution Carter allowed Shah into US for cancer treatment Khomeini seized 52 American hostages from the embassy in Iran Failed rescue attempt Iran released hostages when Reagan took office

Iran Hostage Crisis Images as cited. http: //www. conservapedia. com/images/7/7 d/US_Iran. gif

In February 1979, less than a year before the hostage crisis, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, had been overthrown in an Islamist, nationalist revolution. http: //img. timeinc. net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1978/1101780918_400. jpg

For decades following WWII, the U. S. had been an ally and backer of the Shah. http: //content. answers. com/main/content/img/webpics/mohammadrezashahpahlavi. jpg

In the early 1950 s, America helped the Shah regain power in a struggle against the democratically elected Prime Minister, Mohammed Mosaddeq had nationalized (took back) Iran’s foreignowned oil fields. http: //www. mideastweb. org/iran-mosaddeq. jpg

In 1953, the CIA and British intelligence organized a coup to overthrow the elected prime minister with the Shah. These actions would cause bitterness among Iranians. http: //www. thememoryhole. org/espionage_den/pic_45_0001. html

After WWII and during the Cold War, Iran allied itself with the U. S. against the Soviet Union, Iran’s neighbor, and America provided the Shah with military and economic aid. http: //www. nepalnews. com/archive/2007/pic/Shah-Reza-Pahlavi-Last-Shah-Iran. JPG

Shortly before the Islamic revolution in 1978, President Jimmy Carter angered anti. Shah Iranians with a televised toast to the Shah, declaring how beloved the Shah was by his people. http: //www. iranian. com/History/Feb 98/Revolution/Images/shah-carter 2. jpg

Next, on October 22, 1979, the U. S. permitted the exiled Shah, who was ill with cancer, to attend the Mayo Clinic for medical treatment, which angered the anti. Shah Iranians. http: //www. theodoresworld. net/Hostage. Rescue. Attempt/welcome. Home. jpg

The Shah’s admission to the U. S. intensified Iranian revolutionaries anti. Americanism and spawned rumors of a U. S. backed coup to re-install the Shah. http: //www. thememoryhole. org/espionage_den/pic_64_0001. html

Around 6: 30 am on November 4, the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam’s Line (500 Islamic students) forced themselves into the U. S. embassy in the capital city of Teheran. http: //www. thememoryhole. org/espionage_den/pic_41_0001. html

The students bound and blindfolded the embassy soldiers and staff and paraded them in front of photographers. http: //www. aiipowmia. com/other/iran 01. jpg

The Muslim Student Followers of the Imam’s Line demanded that the Shah return to Iran for trial and execution. http: //www. thememoryhole. org/espionage_den/pic_04_0001. html

The death of the Shah, and the invasion of Iran by neighboring Iraq in September 1980 may have made Iran more receptive to the idea of resolving the hostage crisis. http: //www. thememoryhole. org/espionage_den/pic_47_0001. html

Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election, but Carter continued to negotiate for the release of the hostages. http: //www. debates. org/media/his 80 b. jpg

With 3 rd-party assistance, the U. S. and Iran agreed to the Algiers Accords. Iran agreed to release the hostages, and the U. S. unfroze Iranian assets, and pledged the following…. http: //d. yimg. com/a/p/ap/20090422/capt. d 9767 aa 15381472 a 959 b 37 a 8 f 3 c 19437. iran_embassy_hostages_ny 123. jpg

…. “it is and from now on will be the policy of the U. S. not to intervene, directly or indirectly, politically, or militarily, in Iran’s internal affairs. ” This was viewed as a major victory over the West by a middleeastern Muslim country. http: //www. iranholocaustdenial. com/images/stories/propaganda/khomeini_propaganda 200. jpg

On January 20, 1981, minutes after Reagan was sworn in as President, the American hostages were released by Iran, having spent 444 days in captivity. http: //www. declarepeace. org. uk/captain/murder_inc/site/pics/jan 2019817 uv. gif

The hostages were flown to Rhein-Main Air Base in West Germany, where former President Carter, received them. http: //www. theodoresworld. net/Hostage. Rescue. Attempt/welcome. Home. jpg

The 1980 Election

The New Conservative Coalition The NEW RIGHT - a political coalition of: n n Conservative evangelical Christians Moral Majority founded by Rev. Jerry Falwell - Baptist minister (founder - Liberty University - Lynchburg, VA) n n n n To restore Christian Values in America Southern Democrats Reduction of Social Programs Called for reduction in size and scope of government “Reagan Democrats” Favored return of US military prominence Patriotic focus

The 1980 “Revolution” n n n Nixon Victories in 1968 and 1972 early indicators of change Carter’s series of ‘Unfortunate’ Events Carter’s perceived mishandling of major challenges Reagan’s ability to communicate - “The Great Communicator” Few simple wellarticulated idea

Map 30. 4 Presidential Election of 1980 (p. 903)

The Reagan Revolution and the First Inaugural Address “In the days ahead I will propose removing the roadblocks that have slowed our economy and reduced productivity. Steps will be taken aimed at restoring the balance between various levels of government. Progress may be slow, measured in inches and feet, not miles, but we will progress. It is time to reawaken this industrial giant, to get government back within its means, and to lighten our punitive tax burden. And these will be our first priorities, and on these principles there will be no compromise. ” - Ronald Reagan 1981

Supply-Side Economics a. k. a “Reaganomics” Cut taxes to put more money n n Cut taxes to put more money into the hands of businesses Cut taxes on the wealthiest Americans Lower taxes = more investment in the “supply side” of the economy Would: n n n promote and create new jobs encourage capital investment, and lead to stimulated industrial growth

Cutting Government Regulation - “deregulation” n n n Continued Carter’s programs to deregulate key industries Energy, Transportation and Banking Industries Challenged Air Traffic Controllers in 1981 - Fired those who refused to go back to work after a strike.

Slowed Federal Growth - New Federalism (Reagan-style) n Limiting government n n n Eliminated public service jobs, reduced unemployment compensation, lowered welfare benefits, raised fees for Medicare patients Federal domestic spending still grew for a couple of years

Reagan and Military Buildup n n Sharp increase in military spending = buildup New weapons and new technology Neoconservatives (Neo-cons = Dick Cheney, Don Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz, Condoleeza Rice, Richard Armistead, Colin Powell, etc. ) Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) = better known as Star Wars

Reagan and the Cold War n n Called Soviet Union the “evil empire” Reagan - Cold Warrior n n n Lebanon Libya Grenada El Salvador Nicaragua (Contra rebels supported by US)

Reagan: Economic Recession, and Recovery 1981 -1982 Recession n Inflation slowed, consumer spending increased n Stock market grew n Federal deficit grew even as domestic spending decreased n National debt = $909 billion in 1980 --- $3. 2 trillion in 1990 n

Other issues 1984 -1988 AIDS Awareness n Women’s Movement stalled (ERA failed in 1982) n Supreme Court conservatives n Sandra Day O’Connor n Anthony Kennedy n Antonin Scalia n Chief Justice William Rehnquist n

More issues: 1984 -1988 n n n Farm Crisis - foreclosures Manufacturing shift - from metal and textiles (overseas = outsourcing due to labor costs) Service sectors continued to grow Wealthiest Americans flourished in the 1980 s Jan 28, 1986 - Space Shuttle Challenger exploded shortly after take off

Background/Family n n n n Full Name: George Herbert Walker Bush He was born on June 12, 1924 in Milton, Massachusetts. His family moved to Greenwich, Connecticut shortly after his birth. His father, Prescott Bush, became Connecticut’s senator. On his 18 th birthday, George enlisted in the armed forces, becoming the country’s youngest commissioned pilot. He also served in the World War II on 58 missions from 1942 to 1945. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. After the war he studied economics at Yale University. In 1951 he created the Bush-Overby Oil Development, an oil-drilling business in Texas. In addition to that, he joined Thomas J. Devine, a former CIA officer, to create Zapata Oil.

Background/Family Cont. n n George Bush married Barbara Pierce on January 6, 1945, only weeks after his return from the Pacific. The couple produced the following children: - George Walker Bush (born 1946) - Pauline Robinson Bush ("Robin", 1949– 1953, died of leukemia) - John Ellis "Jeb" Bush (born 1953) - Neil Mallon Bush (born 1955) - Marvin Pierce Bush (born 1956) - Dorothy Bush Koch (born 1959)

Rise to Presidency n n In 1980, Bush decided to run for president in the 1980 election against Ronald Reagan. Although he lost in the election of 1980, Reagan appointed Bush as his vice president. When Reagan was shot in 1981, Bush was second in command for the country and had 2 tasks from Reagan on deregulation and drug smuggling. Towards the end of Reagan and Bush’s first term they decided to run again as a team for Presidency and Vice Presidency. After Raegan’s second term Bush decided to run for president in the 1988 campaign.

Political n n n During 1988 Bush campaigned for Republican nomination for president and won. President Bush sent American troops into Panama to overthrow the corrupt regime of General Manuel Noriega. When Iraqi President Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, then threatened to move into Saudi Arabia, Bush had taken drastic measures and also vowing to free Kuwait had sent 425, 000 troops and with 118, 00 allied forces and 100 hrs of land combat, had started Operation Desert Storm.

Economic n n n After Ronald Regan's presidency he left the US in national debt, and as George H. W. Bush was taking office he vowed to getting rid of the debt. Although during his presidential campaign, Bush had promised not to have any new taxes, “Read my lips: no new taxes. ” With the deficit growing 3 times larger than it was in the 1980 s and amounting to $220 billion in debt by the 1990’s. Bush had to resort to raising taxes, which led to a downfall of the number of his supporters. America also had landed in a mild recession, that had lasted for 6 months, and the unemployment rate had gone up, Bush had also signed a bill proposing for additional benefits for unemployed workers.

Social n n n After his, “Read my Lips: no new taxes” statement was justified as a lie, after taxes had been raised to help our national debt many people had disapproved of him as president. Bush after his presidency, had been awarded with honorary knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II. In 1993, Bush had visited the Kuwait to celebrate the coalitions victory over Iraq in the Gulf War.

Domestic Policy Issues n n During the same time as the budget deal, America entered a 6 -month mild recession, government programs increased. When the unemployment rate increased in 1991, Bush signed a bill providing additional benefits for unemployed workers.

Foreign Policy Issues n n Panama – In the 1980 s, a Panamanian leader, Manuel Noriega was accused for drug trafficking and racketeering so Bush sent troops to Panama as well as overthrow some of their chairmen. Soviet Union – Bush met with Mikhail Gorbachev who was the leader of the USSR in hope of ending the Cold War with the Soviets. This meeting has been previously avoided but was an important step to ending the Cold War and a peaceful period with the USSR when the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty was signed. Persian Gulf War – When Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, the Iraqis turned to the US for help. An attack was launched on the US in which we retaliated but withdrawn before more problems arose. The Gulf War was ended and the Madrid Conference resulted from this. NAFTA – When Bush and his administration took control of the NAFTA trade talks, much was being debated about trades and tariffs in the US, Canada, and Mexico. NAFTA has been criticized as much as defended and when NAFTA was finally adopted, it had many benefits as well as quandaries.

One Quote Says It All… n “I come before you and assume the Presidency at a moment rich with promise. We live in a peaceful, prosperous time, but we can make it better. For a new breeze is blowing, and a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn; for in man's heart, if not in fact, the day of the dictator is over. The totalitarian era is passing, its old ideas blown away like leaves from an ancient, lifeless tree. A new breeze is blowing, and a nation refreshed by freedom stands ready to push on. There is new ground to be broken, and new action to be taken. ” - George H. W. Bush, at his Inaugural Address.

President Bush in one word. . n ERUDITE - characterized by great knowledge; learned or scholarly n Having been in the political game for many years, as a vice president, ambassador, part of the U. S. Congress, and most importantly, a U. S. president, he knew how everything worked, and that resulted in his success in many endeavors like foreign and domestic policies and as a president.

Post-Presidency n n After Bush’s presidency, he retired to his wife to their home in Houston. While visiting Kuwait to commemorate the end of the Gulf War, an assassination attempt was initiated without success and resulted in minor retaliations from both sides. The George Bush Presidential Library and Museum is the tenth presidential library was named after Bush and contains the presidential and vice-presidential papers of Bush and Dan Quayle. Received the Honorary Knighthood Order of the Bath from Queen Elizabeth II, the Roland Reagan Freedom Award, and the NIAF One America Award after his presidential term was ended.

Family • • • Bill Clinton, or William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III), the 42 nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and former Governor of Arkansas Chelsea Clinton, daughter of Bill and Hillary Clinton Hillary Rodham Clinton, the current United States Secretary of State, a former United States Senator representing New York from 2001 to 2009 and, as the spouse of Bill Clinton, the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the former First Lady of Arkansas.

Clinton was appointed on January 20, 1993 as the 42 nd President of the United States. *

{Domestic Policy: } >>In 1993, Clinton signed a bill previously vetoed by both Reagan and Bush. The Family and Medical Leave Act requires certain companies to allow up to 12 weeks unpaid leave to qualifying employees in the event of family or medical emergencies. The goal of the act was to give employees job security during times of crisis. Prior Republican administrations passed into law a group of bans on abortionrelated issues. Clinton revoked these bans, stating he wanted "an America where abortion is safe and legal, but rare. " For the most part, these bans dealt with restricting abortion-related activities and products. With a growing national deficit, one of Clinton's top priorities was to cut federal spending. His proposal was designed to reduce the deficit in the long run, while using short-term techniques to encourage the economy. The short-term part of his plan was killed by Congress, but the rest approved.

Presidential Programs During the Clinton administration, the U. S. enjoyed more peace and economic well-being than at any time in its history. He was the first Democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win a second term. He could point to the lowest unemployment rate in modern times, the lowest inflation in 30 years, the highest home ownership in the country’s history, dropping crime rates in many places and reduced welfare rolls. He proposed the first balanced budget in decades and achieved a budget surplus. He sought legislation to upgrade education, to protect jobs of parents who must care for sick children, to restrict handgun sales and to strengthen environmental rules.

Foreign Policy Decided to abandon its policy of trying to topple Cuban leader Fidel Castro by making Cubans rebel, and has agreed to make more medicine and food available to Cuba. The US Senate looks set to approve the expansion of NATO to include the Czech Republic, Poland Hungary, and US officials have been much less aggressive towards Iraq. Efforts to obtain peace in the Middle East have been scale down, even though the Middle East is still officially the key foreign policy issue for the US.

Successes and Failures Success! Failures! -North American Free Trade Agreement -Medicare Reform -New Welfare Program -Major "Crime Bill' legislation -Universal Healthcare -1993 Campaign Finance Reform -Impeached

Life George W. Bush married Laura Bush. n His presidential term was since January 2001 – January 2009. n http: //news. minnesota. publicradio. org/features/2004/11/03_ap_bushwins/images/gettybushwins_large. jpg

September 11, 2001 n n 9 -11 was a pivotal point of his presidency. The twin towers were damaged and many people died. The Pentagon was hit The 4 th plane was diverted from a supposed target in DC http: //www. anglaisfacile. co m/11 sept_fichiers/11. jpg

War against Iraq http: //www. stewart. army. mil/Photo. Es says/POTUS_visit 091203/puc. jpg

Many Challenges for the President • Turmoil in the international financial system • A national economic recession • Ongoing military involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan • Growing world attention on the potential threats of climate change • Continued growth in global energy demands www. America. gov 3

“Ensuring that this transition is seamless is a top priority for the rest of my time in office. ” -- President Bush, November 8 Assistance from the Bush Administration • The peaceful transfer of power from one president to the next is a hallmark of American democracy. • Outgoing administration officials work to ensure continuity with the incoming administration. • Current government officials brief the president-elect's team on significant pending policy issues. www. America. gov 4

Bibliography n n n n n " Episcopalian | Define Episcopalian at Dictionary. com. " Dictionary. com | Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words at Dictionary. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Apr. 2010. <http: //dictionary. reference. com/browse/Episcopalian>. "A History Lesson | Flish. Fun. com. " Flish. Fun. com | Your Place for Late-Breaking Opinions. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Apr. 2010. <http: //www. flishfun. com/blog/real-world/a-history-lesson/>. "American Experience. The Presidents. Geroge H. W. Bush | PBS. " PBS. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Apr. 2010. <http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/amex/presidents/41_g_h_w_bush/index. html>. "American Experience | George H. W. Bush | PBS. " PBS. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Apr. 2010. <http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/amex/bush 41/more/enlarged-t_barbara_03. html>. . "Asia Tomorrow. " Yale Entrepreneurial Society (YES). N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Apr. 2010. <http: //www. yesatyale. org/asia/sponsors. html>. "George Bush Presidential Library and Museum : : Public Papers - 1990 - September. " George Bush Presidential Library and Museum : : Home. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Apr. 2010. <http: //bushlibrary. tamu. edu/research/public_papers. php? id=2217&year=1990&month=9>. "George H. W. Bush -- Academy of Achievement Photo Credit. " Academy of Achievement Main Menu. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Apr. 2010. <http: //www. achievement. org/autodoc/photocredit/achievers/bus 0 -012>. "George H. W. Bush. " Spartacus Educational - Home Page. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Apr. 2010. <http: //www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/JFKbush. G. htm>. "George H. W. Bush | The White House. " The White House. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Apr. 2010. <http: //www. whitehouse. gov/about/presidents/georgehwbush/>. "George H. W. Bush - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. " Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Apr. 2010. <http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/George_H. _W. _Bush>. "George H. W. Bush Quotes - e. Quotes - A Famous Quotes Wiki. " Welcome to e. Quotes! - e. Quotes - A Famous Quotes Wiki. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Apr. 2010. <http: //equotes. wetpaint. com/page/George+H. +W. +Bush+Quot "No New Taxes Hawaii. " Mel's Internet Universe. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Apr. 2010. <http: //macpro. freeshell. org/notax/>. "The Malta Summit - Transcript of the Bush-Gorbachev News Conference in Malta - Text - NYTimes. com. " The New York Times Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Apr. 2010. <http: //www. nytimes. com/1989/12/04/world/the-malta-summittranscript-of-the-bush-gorbachev-news-conference-in-malta. html>. http: //cache 3. assetcache. net/xc/50462556. jpg? v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=E 41 C 9 FE 5 C 4 AA 0 A 14 BB 922938 C 2 E 3 EB 771 AEECB 6 EC 323850159 D 780 AF 1 DFD 99 A 9 B 01 E 70 F 2 B 3269972 http: //pics 2. city-data. com/city/maps/fr 1452. png http: //www. piperreport. com/archives/images/Medicaid%20 Budget%20 Cuts. jpg http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/b/b 0/Nafta. jpg http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Reagan-Bush_Nashua_1980_debate. jpg http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Official_portrait_of_President_Reagan_and_Vice_President_Bush_1981. jpg

Bibliography Biography of President George W. Bush http: //www. whitehouse. gov/president/gwbbio. html 11 -21 -05 n George W. Bush http: //who 2. com/jeeves/georgewbush. html 11 -21 -05 n Bill Clinton" Clintonmemoriallibrary. com Web. 7 Apr. 2010. http: //www. clintonmemoriallibrary. com/clint_foreign. html. "Bill Clinton. " Family Life Web. 7 Apr. 2010. <http: //clinton 4. nara. gov/WH/Family /html/Life. html>. "American President: Bill CLinton. " Domestic Policy. Web. 7. Apr. 2010. <http: //library. thinkquest. org/11492/cgi-bin/pres. cgi/ clinton_william/domestic n http: //www. spiegel. de/im g/0, 1020, 439775, 00. jpg