President Eisenhower And the Antarctic Treaty Paul Arthur

President Eisenhower And the Antarctic Treaty Paul Arthur Berkman Head, Arctic Ocean Geopolitics Programme Scott Polar Research Institute University of Cambridge

PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURAL ADDRESS Washington, DC – January 20, 1953 President Dwight D. Eisenhower “a day of freedom and of peace for all mankind”

SCIENCE AS A TOOL OF DIPLOMACY

NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL MEETINGS EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION (1953 -1961) Sep 08, 1955 – Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, Antarctica, Iran, … Jan 12, 1956 – Stockpiles, Budget, Antarctica, Nuclear Weapons Jun 20, 1957 – Nuclear Weapons, Ethiopia, Antarctica, Defense Policy Jun 26, 1957 – Antarctica, Libya, Turkey, Defense Policy Mar 06, 1958 – Antarctica, Space Policy, Scientific Aug 07, 1958 – Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, Korea, Antarctica, … Dec 10, 1959 – Antarctica, Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles

CROSSING NATIONAL BOUNDARIES “…for peaceful purposes only…”

BEYOND NATIONAL BOUNDARIES (International Spaces)

INEVITABILITY OF BALLISTIC MISSILES

July 1, 1957 – December 31, 1958

“OPEN SKIES” (FREEDOM OF SPACE) PROPOSAL Geneva – July 21, 1955 First Post-War Summit President Dwight D. Eisenhower “I propose… To give to each other a complete blueprint of our military establishments… ample facilities for aerial reconnaissance… comprehensive and effective system of inspection and disarmament. . . ”

FIRST SPACE POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES Washington D. C. – May 20, 1955 National Security Council 5520 “…a program for a small scientific satellite could be developed from existing missile programs already underway within the Department of Defense. ” “The IGY affords an excellent opportunity to mesh a scientific satellite program with the cooperative worldwide geophysical observational program” “Considerable prestige and psychological benefits will accrue to the nation which first is successful in launching a satellite. ”

ARMY BALLISTIC MISSILE AGENCY Redstone Arsenal – September 20, 1956 The 4 -stage ‘Jupiter C RS-27’ was launched from Redstone with the fourth stage intentionally inactivated. This rocket attained a range of 3335 miles and an altitude of 682 miles and “could have obtained sufficient velocity to place it in orbit, if the last stage had been activated. ” Wernher von Braun

SOVIET UNION LAUNCH OF ‘SPUTNIK’ Earth Orbit – October 4, 1957

INVITATION TO NEGOTIATE AN ANTARCTIC TREATY Washington, DC – May 3, 1958 President Dwight D. Eisenhower “THE UNITED STATES is dedicated to the principle that the vast uninhabited wastes of Antarctica shall be used only for peaceful purposes. We do not want Antarctica to become an object of political conflict. Accordingly, the United States has invited eleven other countries, including the Soviet Union, to confer with us to seek an effective joint means of achieving this objective. ”

CONFERENCE ON ANTARCTICA Washington, DC (15 October – 1 December 1959) ANTARCTIC TREATY Signed: December 1, 1959 Washington, DC (1776 Pennsylvania Avenue) “…it is in the interest of all mankind that Antarctica shall continue forever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord; …establishment of a firm foundation for the continuation and development of such cooperation on the basis of freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica as applied during the International Geophysical Year…”

DECEMBER 1 ST A DAY OF PEACE FOR ALL MANKIND