Presentation Plus Understanding Psychology Copyright by The Mc

Presentation Plus! Understanding Psychology Copyright © by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Developed by FSCreations, Inc. , Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Send all inquiries to: GLENCOE DIVISION Glencoe/Mc. Graw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 1

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CHAPTER FOCUS SECTION 1 What is Psychotherapy? SECTION 2 Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Therapy SECTION 3 Cognitive and Behavior Therapies SECTION 4 Biological Approaches to Treatment CHAPTER SUMMARY CHAPTER ASSESSMENT 3 Click a hyperlink to go to the corresponding section. Press the ESC key at any time to exit the presentation.

Chapter Objectives Section 1: What Is Psychotherapy? • Describe psychotherapy and how it is the general term for several approaches used to treat psychological disorders. Section 2: Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Therapy • Explain how psychoanalysis is an analysis of the conscious and unconscious mind based on theories of Sigmund Freud, while humanistic therapy is designed to help people reach their full potential. 4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Chapter Objectives (cont. ) Section 3: Cognitive and Behavior Therapies • Describe how cognitive and behavior therapies help clients develop new ways of thinking and behaving. Section 4: Biological Approaches to Treatment • Explain how biological approaches to treatment rely on methods such as medication, electric shock therapy, and surgery to help clients. 5

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Reader’s Guide Main Idea – Psychotherapy is a general term for the several approaches used by mental health professionals to treat psychological disorders. Objectives – Explain the nature of psychotherapy. – Describe the role of a therapist. 7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 485 of your textbook.

Reader’s Guide (cont. ) Vocabulary – psychotherapy – eclectic approach – placebo effect – empathy – group therapy Click the Speaker button to listen to Exploring Psychology. 8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 485 of your textbook.

Introduction • When people become dissatisfied or distraught with life and suspect that the reason lies within themselves, they often seek therapy, which refers to treatment of behavioral, bodily, or psychological disorders. • Mental health professionals who have been trained to deal with the psychological problems of others include psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers. • The special kind of help they provide is called psychotherapy. 9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Introduction (cont. ) • Psychotherapy involves three things: – verbal interaction between a therapist and client – the development of a supportive and trusting relationship – an analysis by therapist of the client’s problems, including suggestions for overcoming those problems psychotherapy any treatment used by therapists to help troubled individuals overcome their problems 10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Nature of Psychotherapy • In early times people often thought that psychological disturbances represented some sort of moral or religious problem. • Psychological disorders slowly came to be thought of as diseases, and the term mental illness was applied to many psychological problems. • That psychological disturbance is seen as the symptom of a disease has helped reduce the stigma associated with such problems. 11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Functions of Psychotherapy • One of the functions of psychotherapy is to help people realize that they are the only ones who can really solve their problems. • The major task of therapist is to… – help people examine their way of living. – understand how their present way of living causes problems. – help people start living in new, more beneficial ways. 12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Main Kinds of Therapy • There are many different kinds of therapy, only a few of which will be described in this chapter: – psychoanalysis – humanistic approaches to treatment – cognitive approaches to treatment – behavioral approaches to treatment – biological approaches to treatment 13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Main Kinds of Therapy (cont. ) • Some psychotherapists stick rigorously to one style and consider the others useless. • Other psychotherapists use an eclectic approach to therapy, choosing methods from many different kinds of therapy and using the one that works best. eclectic approach method that combines various kinds of therapy or combinations of therapies 14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Types of Psychotherapies 15

Goals of Therapy • The primary goal of psychotherapy is to strengthen the patient’s control over his or her life. • One of the most important factors in effective treatment is the patient’s belief or hope that he can change. • The influence that a patient’s hopes and expectations have on his improvement is often called the placebo effect the influence that a patient’s hopes and expectations have on his or her improvement during therapy 16

Goals of Therapy (cont. ) • The placebo effect does not imply that problems can be solved simply by fooling the patient. • Therapy goes beyond the placebo effect. • It combines the patient’s belief that he can change with hard work and professional guidance. 17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Who Are Therapists? • In American society, there are many people who practice psychotherapy. • Some, like clinical neuropsychologists, are trained in psychology and physiology; others, like counseling psychologists, have different forms of formal training. 18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Kinds of Therapists 19

Kinds of Therapists (cont. ) 20

What Makes a Good Therapist? • There are three characteristics found in effective therapists. – A therapist needs to be psychologically healthy. – Another important characteristic is empathy, a capacity for warmth and understanding. – A good therapist must be experienced in dealing with people and understanding their complexities. empathy capacity for warmth and understanding 21

Group Therapies • In some forms of therapy, the patient is alone with therapist. • In group therapy, however, they are in the company of other patients. group therapy patients work together with the aid of a leader to resolve interpersonal problems 22 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Group Therapies (cont. ) • There are several advantages to this situation. – Patients have a chance to see how other people are struggling with problems similar to their own, and they discover what other people think of them. – The patients can correct their views of themselves and others (Drum, 1990). – The patients can see other people with similar problems recovering, giving them a hope of recovery. – One therapist can help a large number of people. 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Family Therapy • Therapists often suggest, after talking to a patient, that the entire family unit should work at family therapy. • The family therapist can point out what is happening from an objective viewpoint and can suggest ways of improving communication and fairness in the family. • Some of the most successful examples of family therapy are provided in nonprofessional organizations, such as selfhelp groups. 24 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Self-Help Groups • An increasing number of self-help groups have emerged in recent years. • These voluntary groups, composed of people who share a particular problem, are often conducted without the active involvement of a professional therapist. • The best-known self-help group is Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), which was founded in 1935. • The purpose of Alcoholics Anonymous is “to carry the AA message to the sick alcoholic who wants it. ” 25 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Self-Help Groups (cont. ) • There also AA groups for family members for mutual support. • Mutual encouragement, friendship, and an emphasis on personal responsibility are used to keep an individual sober. 26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Does Psychotherapy Work? • In 1952 Hans Eysenck concluded that psychotherapy was no more effective than no treatment at all. • According to Eysenck only 44 percent of the psychoanalytic patients improved with treatment, while 64 percent of those given eclectic psychotherapy were “cured” or had improved. 27 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Does Psychotherapy Work? (cont. ) • Eysenck argued that this did not demonstrate the effectiveness of psychotherapy, since it has been reported that 72 percent of a group of hospitalized neurotics improved without treatment. • Allen Bergin (1971) countered with the argument that precise criteria for “improvement” are difficult to define and apply. 28 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Does Psychotherapy Work? (cont. ) • Mary Lee Smith and Gene V. Glass (1977) found that therapy is generally more effective than no treatment. • They also found that on the average most forms of therapy have similar effects; that is, therapy may improve the quality of life for the patients. • Smith and Glass were able to show that for some specific clients and situations, some forms of therapy would be expected to have a greater effect than others. 29 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section Assessment Review the Vocabulary Cite and describe two examples of group therapy and how these types of therapy help patients. Family therapy helps families who are dealing with communication or family structure issues. Self-help groups such as AA allow people to help one another work through problems shared in common. 30 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Visualize the Main Idea In a diagram like the one shown on page 492 of your textbook, list and describe the characteristics that make a good, effective therapist. Therapists should be psychologically healthy. They should have empathy. They should be experienced in dealing with people and understanding their complexities. 31 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Recall Information What are the goals of therapy? What is the eclectic approach to therapy? The primary goal of psychotherapy is to strengthen the patient’s control over his or her life. The eclectic approach uses a variety of methods to help each patient achieve that goal. 32 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Think Critically When should a person seek psychotherapy? Explain your answer. Many may suggest that psychotherapy is needed when a person is facing a crisis or transition in life or cannot function in everyday life. Explore cultural or social barriers to seeking psychotherapy that may exist. 33 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Using several of the psychological disorders discussed in Chapter 16, identify the type(s) of therapy that could effectively treat the disorder. 34

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Reader’s Guide Main Idea – Psychoanalysis is an analysis of the conscious and unconscious mind based on theories of psychiatrist Sigmund Freud. Humanistic therapy helps people reach their full potential. Objectives – Describe psychoanalysis and its aims. – Explain humanistic therapy and its goals. 36 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2 begins on page 493 of your textbook.

Reader’s Guide (cont. ) Vocabulary – psychoanalysis – insight – nondirective therapy – free association – active listening – resistance – unconditional positive regard – dream analysis – transference – humanistic therapy – client-centered therapy Click the Speaker button to listen to Exploring Psychology. 37 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2 begins on page 493 of your textbook.

Introduction • Psychoanalysts use information–such as dream interpretation–to help people understand the psychological dilemmas. 38 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

What Is Psychoanalysis? • For a long time psychoanalysis was the only formalized psychotherapy practiced in Western society. • Psychoanalysis is based on theories of Sigmund Freud. • According to Freud, psychological disturbances are due to anxiety about hidden conflicts among the unconscious components of one’s personality. psychoanalysis therapy aimed at making patients aware of their unconscious motives so that 39 they can gain control over their behavior Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

What Is Psychoanalysis? (cont. ) • Psychoanalysts believe that if patients can understand their unconscious motives, they have taken the first step toward gaining control over their behavior and freeing themselves of their problems. • Such understanding is called insight the sudden realization of the solution to a problem 40 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Free Association • Psychoanalysis is a slow procedure– sometimes taking years of 50 -minute sessions several times a week to show results. • It begins with the analyst telling the patient to relax and talk about everything that comes into his or her mind. • This method is called free association a method used to examine the unconscious; the patient is instructed to say whatever comes into his or her mind 41 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Free Association (cont. ) • The patient, understandably reluctant to reveal painful feelings and to examine lifelong patterns that need to be changed, is likely to unconsciously try to hold back the flow of information. • This phenomenon–in fact, any behavior that impedes the course of therapy–is called resistance the reluctance of a patient either to reveal painful feelings or to examine longstanding behavioral patterns 42 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Free Association (cont. ) • By analyzing the patient’s resistances, both therapist and the patient can understand how the patient deals with anxiety-provoking material. 43

Dream Analysis • Freud believed that dreams express unconscious thoughts and feelings. • In a technique known as dream analysis, the psychoanalyst interprets the client’s dreams to find out about unconscious thoughts and feelings. dream analysis a technique used by psychoanalysts to interpret the content of patients’ dreams 44 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Dream Analysis (cont. ) • Freud believed that dreams contain manifest and latent content. – Manifest content refers to what you remember about your dream. – Latent content refers to the hidden meanings represented symbolically in the dream that therapist interprets from the manifest content. 45 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Transference • Sooner or later, the analyst begins to appear in the patient’s associations and dreams. • The patient may begin feeling toward the analyst the way she feels toward some other important figure in her life. • This process is called transference the process, experienced by the patient, of feeling toward an analyst or therapist the way he or she feels or felt 46 toward some other important figure in his or her life Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Transference (cont. ) • Often, the patient begins acting toward therapist in the same way he or she used to act toward the important person, usually one of his or her parents. • Remaining impersonal and anonymous, therapist always directs the patient back to them. • By understanding why he or she is engaging in transference, the patient becomes aware of his or her real feelings and motivations. 47 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Transference (cont. ) • The purpose of psychoanalysis is to show the role of the unconscious and to provide insight for the client. • There are many versions available today of this classical psychoanalysis. • For example, short-term dynamic psychotherapy is a shortened version of psychoanalysis. • The therapist uses a direct and more active approach in identifying and resolving the problems. 48 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Humanistic Therapy • The goal of humanistic therapy is to help people fulfill their human potential. • Humanistic psychology has given rise to several approaches to psychotherapy, known collectively as client-centered therapy. humanistic therapy focuses on the value, dignity, and worth of each person; holds that healthy living is the result of realizing one’s full potential 49 client-centered therapy reflects the belief that the client and therapist are partners in therapy Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Client-Centered Therapy • Client-centered therapy (also called person-centered therapy) is based on theories of Carl Rogers (1951, 1977). • According to Rogers, an equal relationship between therapist and the individual seeking help reflects three therapeutic components: – positive regard – empathy – genuineness 50 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Client-Centered Therapy (cont. ) • Client-centered therapists assume that people are basically good and that they are capable of handling their own lives. • One of the goals of therapy is to help him recognize his own strength and confidence. • In this way, he can learn to be true to his own standards and ideas about how to live effectively. 51 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Client-Centered Therapy (cont. ) Techniques of Client-Centered Therapy • In the course of an interview, the client is encouraged to speak freely about matters that may be bothering him. • This method is called nondirective therapy because therapist does not direct it. nondirective therapy the free flow of images and ideas, with no particular direction 52 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Client-Centered Therapy (cont. ) Techniques of Client-Centered Therapy • The therapist tries to echo back, as clearly as possible, the feelings the client has expressed. • This communication technique is called active listening empathetic listening; a listener acknowledges, restates, and clarifies the speaker’s thoughts and concerns 53 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Client-Centered Therapy (cont. ) Techniques of Client-Centered Therapy • Client-centered therapy is conducted in an atmosphere of emotional support that Rogers calls unconditional positive regard. • The therapist’s main responsibility is creating a warm and accepting relationship between herself and her client. unconditional positive regard a therapist’s consistent expression of acceptance for the patient, no matter what the patient says or does. 54 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Client-Centered Therapy (cont. ) Techniques of Client-Centered Therapy • As he reduces his tensions and releases his emotions, the client feels that he is becoming a more complete person. • The client’s movement toward independence signals the end of the need for therapy–he can assume the final steps to independence on his own. • Although client-centered therapy has proved more effective than no treatment, it seems to be no more or less effective than other types of therapy. 55 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section Assessment Review the Vocabulary Cite and describe the techniques involved in client-centered therapy. Client-centered therapy uses nondirective therapy and active listening in an atmosphere of unconditional positive regard. 56 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Visualize the Main Idea In a chart similar to the on page 497 of your textbook, list and describe the main processes involved in psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis uses free association and dream analysis techniques to understand unconscious thoughts and motives. Psychoanalysts will look for ways to overcome resistance to the free flow of information. Transference occurs when the client feels toward therapist the same way that he or she feels toward some important figure in his or her life. 57 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Recall Information What is the purpose of dream analysis? How do therapists use it? Dream analysis helps identify unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motives. Therapists use the latent content to help identify these unconscious thoughts. 58 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Think Critically What are the main differences between psychoanalysis and humanistic theory? Psychoanalysis places therapist in the role of interpreter of a client’s unconscious and gives the power to therapist. Humanistic therapy seeks to make the client responsible for his or her own change. The therapist serves primarily as a facilitator. 59 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Carl Rogers originally called his therapy client-centered. He later changed it to person-centered to indicate his belief that the same principles employed in counseling applied to all human interactions. Use unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness for 24 hours and report on the results. 60

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Reader’s Guide Main Idea – Cognitive and behavior therapies help clients develop new ways of thinking and behaving. Objectives – Describe cognitive therapies and their aims. – Explain the processes and goals of behavior therapy. 62 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3 begins on page 499 of your textbook.

Reader’s Guide (cont. ) Vocabulary – behavior modification – cognitive therapy – rational-emotive therapy (RET) – behavior therapy – systematic desensitization – aversive conditioning – contingency management – token economy – cognitive-behavior therapy Click the Speaker button to listen to Exploring Psychology. 63 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3 begins on page 499 of your textbook.

Introduction • To achieve a goal, behavior modification may be used. • In this section we will examine behavior and cognitive therapies. behavior modification systematic method of changing the way a person acts and feels 64 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Cognitive Therapy • The goal of cognitive therapies focuses on changing the way people think (Beck, 1991). • Basic assumptions that cognitive therapies share that faulty cognitions distort our behaviors, attitudes, and emotions, and to improve our lives, we need to change our thinking patterns. cognitive therapy using thoughts to control emotions and behaviors 65 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Cognitive Therapy (cont. ) • According to some psychologists (Ross, 1977), all of these theories follow one or more of the three principles: – disconfirmation–clients may be confronted with evidence that directly contradicts their existing beliefs – reconceptualization–clients work toward an alternative belief system to explain their experiences or current observations – insight–clients work toward understanding how they derived these new or revised beliefs 66 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Rational-Emotive Therapy • Albert Ellis developed a form of therapy called rational-emotive therapy (RET) (1973). • Ellis believed that people behave in deliberate and rational ways, given their assumptions about life. • Emotional problems arise when an individual’s assumptions are unrealistic. rational-emotive therapy (RET) aimed at changing unrealistic assumptions about oneself and other people 67 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Examples of Irrational Thinking 68

Rational-Emotive Therapy (cont. ) • The goal of rational-emotive therapy is to correct false and self-defeating beliefs. • To teach the individual to think in realistic terms, the RET therapist may use a number of techniques including: – role playing – modeling – humor – simple persuasion 69 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Rational-Emotive Therapy (cont. ) • Ellis liked to teach that behaviors are the result of the ABCs. – A refers to the Activating event. – B is the person’s Belief system about the event. – C refers to the Consequences that follow. • Ellis claimed it is not the event that causes trouble but rather the way a person thinks about the event. 70 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Rational-Emotive Therapy (cont. ) • Ellis believes that the individual must take three steps to cure or correct himself. – He must realize that some of his assumptions are false. – He must see that he is making himself disturbed by acting on false beliefs. – He must work to break old habits of thought and behavior. 71 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Ellis’s ABCs 72

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy • Aaron T. Beck (1967, 1970) introduced another form of cognitive therapy that is similar to Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy. • The primary difference in Beck’s therapy is the focus on illogical thought processes. • Beck has therapists–through using persuasion and logic to change existing beliefs–also encourage clients to engage in actual tests of their own beliefs. • Beck’s work has been very successful with people who are depressed. 73 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy (cont. ) • The goal of Beck’s cognitive therapy is to change the way people think. • The therapist’s job is to determine the pace and direction of therapy and to help the client detect negative thinking patterns. • Therapists also help the client use more reasonable standards for self-evaluation. 74 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Beck’s Maladaptive Thought Patterns 75

Behavior Therapies • In behavior therapy there is emphasis on one’s behavior rather than one’s thoughts, as in cognitive therapy. • The goal of behavior therapy is behavior modification. • The idea is that a disturbed person is one who has learned to behave in an undesirable way and that any behavior that is learned can be unlearned. behavior therapy changing undesirable behavior through conditioning techniques 76 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Behavior Therapies (cont. ) • The therapist’s job, therefore, is to “reeducate” the patient. • Once these behaviors have been targeted, a program to correct these goals is developed. • To bring about such changes, therapist uses certain conditioning techniques first discovered in animal laboratories. 77 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Counterconditioning • One behavioral technique used by behavior therapists is counterconditioning. • This technique pairs the stimulus that triggers an unwanted behavior (such as the fear of snakes) with a new, more desirable behavior. 78 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Counterconditioning (cont. ) • Counterconditioning is a three-step process: – the person builds an anxiety hierarchy with the least feared situation on the bottom and the most feared situation on top – the person learns deep muscle relaxation – the person imagines or experiences each step in the hierarchy while learning to be relaxed 79 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Counterconditioning (cont. ) • Systematic desensitization is a counterconditioning technique used to overcome irrational fears and anxieties the patient has learned (Wolper, 1961). • The goal of systematic desensitization therapy is to encourage people to imagine the feared situation while relaxing, thus extinguishing the fear response. systematic desensitization a technique to help a patient overcome irrational fears and anxieties 80 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Counterconditioning (cont. ) • Flooding refers to another treatment in which a therapist exposes the client to a feared object or situation. • When you realize that you have survived this test–you have faced your fear. • Behavior therapists also use modeling to teach a client to do something by watching someone else do it. • The client watches and then tries to imitate the behavior. 81 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Losing Fears 82

Counterconditioning (cont. ) Aversive Conditioning • In aversive conditioning, the goal is to make certain acts unpleasant so that they will be avoided. – For example, alcoholics can be given medication that will make them sick when they take alcohol. – The relearning process is to try to associate the aversive (negative) feeling with taking the alcohol and hence reduce its appeal and use. aversive conditioning links an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior in an attempt to eliminate the behavior 83 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Operant Conditioning • Operant conditioning is based on the assumption that behavior that is reinforced tends to be repeated. • It also assumes that behavior that is not reinforced tends to be extinguished. • In contingency management therapist and patient decide what undesirable old behavior needs to be eliminated and what desirable new behavior needs to appear. contingency management undesirable behavior is not reinforced while desirable behavior is reinforced 84 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Operant Conditioning (cont. ) • In its simplest form, contingency management consists of therapist agreeing with the patient: “If you do X, I will give you Y. ” • This form of agreement is similar to systems of reward that people often use on themselves or parents use on children. • Contingency management is used in prisons, mental hospitals, schools, army bases, and with individual patients. 85 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Operant Conditioning (cont. ) • In these situations it is possible to set up whole miniature systems of rewards, called token economies. • These methods are successful in inducing patients to begin leading active lives. token economy desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects or points, which can be accumulated and exchanged for various rewards 86 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy • Many therapists combine aspects of cognitive and behavior therapies. • Cognitive-behavior therapy focuses on setting goals for changing a client’s behavior and then placing more emphasis on changing the client’s interpretation of his or her situation. cognitive-behavior therapy based on a combination of substituting healthy thoughts and beliefs and changing 87 disruptive behaviors in favor of healthy behaviors Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (cont. ) • This type of therapy is aimed at trying to help clients differentiate between serious, real problems and imagined or distorted problems. • Many self-help programs use this approach. • Cognitive-behavior therapies are becoming increasingly widespread and have proven effective for treating a wide range of symptoms. 88 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section Assessment Review the Vocabulary How does cognitive therapy differ from behavior therapy? Cognitivists seek to change beliefs that will change the way people feel about events. Behaviorists seek to change behaviors to resolve problems. 89 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Visualize the Main Idea In a diagram similar to the on page 505 of your textbook, list and describe rational-emotive therapy techniques. Role playing allows the person to see how his beliefs affect his relationships. Modeling demonstrates other ways of thinking and acting. Humor can point out the absurdity of his beliefs. Specific homework assignments and simple persuasion can challenge the person to act more reasonably. 90 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Recall Information How does aversive conditioning work? Aversive conditioning associates a negative feeling or result with an undesired behavior to allow the person to begin to change a behavior. 91 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Think Critically Sheila was not picked to be a basketball captain in gym class. She thought the gym teacher didn’t pick her because Sheila is short. Sheila became angry with the teacher and acted rudely in gym class. Explain this senario using what psychologist Albert Ellis calls the ABCs. A: Sheila was not chosen. B: She was not chosen because she is short. The teacher doesn’t want short basketball players in class. C: Sheila felt slighted and unwanted, therefore she acted up. 92 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Draw a diagram showing how each of the counterconditioning methods discussed in the text works. 93

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Reader’s Guide Main Idea – Biological approaches to treatment rely on methods such as medications, electric shock, and surgery to help clients. Objectives – Explain biological approaches to treatment. – Give examples of treatment medicines and their effects on patients. 95 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4 begins on page 506 of your textbook.

Reader’s Guide (cont. ) Vocabulary – drug therapy – antipsychotic drugs – antidepressants – lithium carbonate – antianxiety drugs – electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) – psychosurgery – prefrontal lobotomy Click the Speaker button to listen to Exploring Psychology. 96 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4 begins on page 506 of your textbook.

Introduction • Some experts believe that biological therapies, such as medications, should be reserved for people who fail to respond to psychotherapy. • Other experts believe that a combination of psychotherapy and biological therapy is the answer for many patients. 97 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Biological Therapy • Biological approaches to treatment assume there is an underlying physiological reason for the psychological disorder. • Biological therapy uses methods such as medication, electric shock, and surgery to help people with psychological disorders. • Since these treatments are medical in nature, physicians or psychiatrists must administer them. 98 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Drug Therapy • The most widely used biological therapy for psychological disorders is drug therapy. • Drug therapy involves four main types of medications: antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs, lithium, and antianxiety drugs. • Often, drugs treat only the symptoms; drug therapy does not remove the causes of the disorder. drug therapy biological therapy that uses medications 99 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Drug Therapy (cont. ) Antipsychotic Drugs • Today patients with schizophrenia are usually prescribed antipsychotic drugs. • These medicines inhibit dopamine receptor sites. • While these drugs reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia, there can be unpleasant side effects, such as muscular rigidity, impaired coordination, and tremors. antipsychotic drugs medication to reduce agitation, delusions, and hallucinations by blocking 100 the activity of dopamine in the brain; tranquilizers Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Drug Therapy (cont. ) Antidepressant Drugs • Another class of drugs, called antidepressants, relieves depression. • These drugs are also used for cases of anxiety, phobias, and obsessivecompulsive disorders. • Antidepressants may have unpleasant side effects, such as dizziness, fatigue, forgetfulness, and weight gain. antidepressants medication to treat major depression by increasing the amount of one or both of the 101 neurotransmitters nonadrenaline and serotonin Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Drug Therapy (cont. ) Lithium Carbide • The chemical lithium carbonate is widely used to return manic-depressive people to a state of equilibrium in which extreme mood swings disappear. • Lithium is a natural chemical element that controls levels of norepinephrine. • Lithium can cause side effects if it is not administered under proper medical supervision. lithium carbonate a chemical used to treat mood swings of bipolar disorder 102 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Drug Therapy (cont. ) Antianxiety Drugs • Commonly known as sedatives or mild tranquilizers, antianxiety drugs are used to reduce excitability and cause drowsiness. • These drugs are effective for helping normal people cope with difficult periods in their lives. antianxiety drugs medication that relieves anxiety and panic disorders by depressing the activity of the central nervous system 103 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Drug Therapy (cont. ) Antianxiety Drugs • They are also prescribed for the alleviation of various anxiety-based symptoms, psychosomatic problems, and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. • These drugs do reduce anxiety but the best use seems to be not for chronic anxiety but for dealing with acute (onetime) anxiety (Mellinger, Balter, & Uhlenhuth, 1985). 104 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Electroconvulsive Therapy • “Shock treatment, ” as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is commonly called, has proved extremely effective in the treatment of severe depression, although no one understands exactly how it works (Kalinowsky, 1975). • It involves administering, over several weeks, a series of brief electrical shocks. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) an electrical shock is sent through the brain to try to reduce the symptoms of mental distrurbance 105 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (cont. ) • The shock induces a convulsion in the brain similar to an epileptic seizure that may last up to a minute. • As it is now applied, electroconvulsive therapy entails very little discomfort for the patient. • Even with these improvements, however, electroconvulsive therapy is a drastic treatment and must be used with great caution. 106 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Psychosurgery • Brain surgery that is performed to treat psychological disorders is called psychosurgery. • The most common operation–prefrontal lobotomy–involves destruction of the front portion of the brain, just behind the forehead. psychosurgery that destroys part of the brain to make the patient calmer and freer of symptoms 107 prefrontal lobotomy a radical form of psychotherapy in which a section of the frontal lobe of the brain is severed or destroyed Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Psychosurgery (cont. ) • This part of the brain, the frontal lobe, contains most of the nerve connections that control a person’s emotions. • The practice of prefrontal lobotomies decreased significantly, though, when newly developed drugs offered alternative treatments in the mid-1950 s. • At the same time, mounting evidence appeared that showed that lobotomized patients showed an inability to plan. • Today the use of psychosurgery is controversial and rare. 108 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Deinstitutionalization 109

Section Assessment Review the Vocabulary Describe how antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, and antianxiety drugs work as therapy. These approaches to treatment assume that there is an underlying physiological reason for the disturbed behavior. They treat only the symptoms of the disorders; they do not remove the causes of the disorders. 110 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Visualize the Main Idea In a graphic organizer similar to the on page 510 of your textbook, explain the biological approaches to treatment. Drug therapy treats symptoms of various disorders. ECT causes a convulsion and can help those with severe depression. Psychosurgery reduces aggressiveness and violent behavior in people with certain severe psychological disorders. 111 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Recall Information Why is psychosurgery controversial? Why is it used? It cannot be reversed and may have unintended results. It may be used in extreme cases that have not responded to other forms of treatment. 112 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Think Critically Describe a situation in which you believe a therapist would suggest biological therapy involving psychosurgery for a patient. A person who has lost contact with reality and cannot obtain insight from psychotherapy or a person who is suicidal or has a severe psychological disorder and has not responded to psychotherapy or drug therapy may be a candidate for psychosurgery. 113 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Compare the effectiveness of biological therapies to other forms of treatment discussed in the chapter. 114 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

115 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

Section 1: What Is Psychotherapy? • Mental health professionals who have been trained to deal with the psychological problems of others include counseling and clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers. • An important function of psychotherapy is to help people realize that they are responsible for their own problems and that they are the only ones who can really solve these problems. 116 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2: Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Therapy • A main goal of a psychoanalyst is to help make patients aware of the unconscious impulses, desires, and fears that are causing their anxiety. • Humanistic psychology has given rise to several approaches to psychotherapy known as client-centered therapy. • Client-centered therapists believe that psychological problems arise when the true self becomes lost and the individual comes to view himself or herself according to the standards of others. 117 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3: Cognitive and Behavior Therapies • Cognitive therapists focus on changing the way people think. • Behavior therapists concentrate on determining what is specifically troubling with a patient’s life and taking steps to change it. 118 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 4: Biological Approaches to Treatment • Biological approaches to treatment assume there is an underlying physiological reason for the disturbed behavior, faulty thinking, and inappropriate emotions an individual displays. • Drug therapy involves four main type of medications: antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs, lithium, and antianxiety drugs. 119 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 4: Biological Approaches to Treatment • Electroconvulsive therapy is a drastic treatment and must be used with great caution. • Psychosurgery involves destroying part of the brain to free the patient of symptoms. 120 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

121 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

Reviewing Vocabulary Use the correct term or concept to complete the following sentences. 1. Some psychotherapists use a(n) _______ eclectic approach to therapy, using many different ____ methods. 2. Patients with schizophrenia are often treated with ________. antipsychotic drugs 3. A technique in which people are urged to imagine a feared situation in order to extinguish the fear is systematic desensitization called ___________. active 4. In a communication technique called _________, listening the client-centered therapist tries to echo back the feelings the client has expressed. 122 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Reviewing Vocabulary (cont. ) Use the correct term or concept to complete the following sentences. Insight or people’s understanding of their 5. ______, unconscious motives, is the first step toward gaining control over their behavior. empathy or a 6. An effective psychotherapist has ____, capacity for warmth and understanding. 7. In a technique called _________, aversive conditioning individuals learn to associate negative feelings with the behavior they want to avoid. 8. Talking about everything that comes to mind is free association called _______. 123 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Reviewing Vocabulary (cont. ) Use the correct term or concept to complete the following sentences. 9. Client-centered therapy is conducted in an atmosphere of emotional support called unconditional positive regard ____________. carbonate is often used to bring manic 10. Lithium _______ depressive people to a state of equilibrium. 124 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Recalling Facts How do self-help groups help people deal with problems? They allow people to participate voluntarily and help one another work through problems shared in common. 125 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Recalling Facts What is the goal of psychoanalysis? What does therapist do to achieve this goal? The goal of psychoanalysis is to make the client aware of unconscious motives, desires, and fears that are causing anxiety. The psychoanalyst uses free association, dream analysis, and talk over a long period of time. 126 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Recalling Facts Using a diagram similar to the on page 512 of your textbook, describe the main techniques of clientcentered therapy. 127

Recalling Facts What steps does rational-emotive therapy expect the client to take to solve his or her problems? Steps the client should take to solve his or her problems include the realization of false assumptions and an awareness of how these assumptions affect behavior. 128 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Recalling Facts Identify the effects of antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, and antianxiety drugs. Antipsychotic drugs reduce agitation, delusions, and hallucinations by decreasing dopamine activity. Antidepressants are used to treat major depression by regulating levels of serotonin and norepinephrine. Antianxiety drugs relieve anxiety and panic disorders by depressing activity of the central nervous system by stimulating the neurotransmitter GABA. 129 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Building Skills Interpreting a Graph Review the graph below, then answer the questions that follow. 130

Building Skills Interpreting a Graph What percentage of psychologists uses behavior therapies? Client-centered therapies? 11% use behavior therapies and 6% use client-centered therapies. 131 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Building Skills Interpreting a Graph Which type of psychotherapy is used by the greatest percentage of psychologists? Why do you think this is so? The eclectic approach is used by the greatest number. It allows therapist to tailor a treatment program to the many different needs of the patients. 132 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Building Skills Interpreting a Graph Psychodynamic therapy (or short-term dynamic psychotherapy) is an approach that is similar to psychoanalysis. Why do you think more therapists practice psychodynamic therapy rather than classical psychoanalysis? Under managed care where the cost drives the decision, psychodynamic therapy is preferred because it takes less time than traditional psychoanalysis. 133 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Building Skills Interpreting a Graph How popular do you think biological approaches are? Why do you think so? Investigate this question and report your findings to the class. Answers will vary. Drug therapy will likely grow in importance because it is relatively inexpensive and reasonably effective at treating the major symptoms of disorders. 134 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

I am the psychologist who questioned Hans Eysenck’s view that psychotherapy is no more effective than no treatment at all. Who am I? I am Allen Bergin. 135 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

136 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Understanding Psychology Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http: //psychology. glencoe. com 137

Recommend a treatment for the following problems: compulsive overeating, inability to finish work, severe depression. Write your recommendations in your journal. 138

One goal of psychotherapy is to help people realize that they can resolve their own problems. Make a list of the ways a therapist can help someone find solutions to his or her problems. 139

In client-centered therapy, the client is ultimately responsible for making positive changes. Explain how this approach is similar to or differs from traditional psychoanalysis. 140

Write down the irrational thoughts you have had recently. Analyze the statements and rewrite them in a rational way. 141

A doctor has recommended to a family member that he or she receive ECT to treat severe depression. Write a series of questions that the family member should ask before agreeing to the treatment. 142

The Case of Rat Man Read the case study presented on page 498 of your textbook. Be prepared to answer the questions that appear on the following slides. A discussion prompt and additional information follow the questions. Continued on next slide. 143 This feature is found on page 498 of your textbook.

The Case of Rat Man Why did Rat Man seek therapy? He sought therapy in an attempt to overcome his paralyzing fears, obsessions, and compulsions. These symptoms had prevented him from completing his university studies and attaining success at work. Continued on next slide. 144 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 498 of your textbook.

The Case of Rat Man What was Freud’s strategy in treating Rat Man? Freud used traditional psychoanalysis including free association. Freud hypothesized that Rat Man had unconscious thoughts that were disturbing him. He helped Rat Man overcome resistance. Eventually Rat Man’s unconscious thoughts surfaced and Freud helped him gain insight from them. Continued on next slide. 145 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 498 of your textbook.

The Case of Rat Man Critical Thinking How did Rat Man demonstrate transference? How did this transference help in therapy? Rat Man transferred his anger toward his father onto Freud used this to help Rat Man recognize and understand his feelings of fear and anger toward his father. Continued on next slide. 146 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 498 of your textbook.

The Case of Rat Man Discuss the following: What was Rat Man’s fantasy? What was Freud’s original hypothesis? Did Freud’s hypothesis change during the course of the treatment? How do you see Rat Man overcoming resistance to his deepest feelings? Continued on next slide. 147 This feature is found on page 498 of your textbook.

The Case of Rat Man One of the cases that Sigmund Freud studied extensively to develop psychoanalysis was the case of Anna O. Anna experienced what would now be called conversion disorder, including hysterical blindness and partial paralysis. She was treated by Josef Breuer, a contemporary of Freud. Continued on next slide. 148 This feature is found on page 498 of your textbook.

The Case of Rat Man – During the treatment, Anna was encouraged to talk about herself. – As she discovered repressed memories, her physical condition improved. – Although Breuer did not call his process free association, the term describes the basic technique he used with Anna. – Anna also experienced transference. Continued on next slide. 149 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. This feature is found on page 498 of your textbook.

The Case of Rat Man – Breuer did not know how to deal with these intense feelings and eventually terminated treatment. – When the sessions were terminated, not all of her symptoms had been relieved. – She did, however, eventually recover. 150 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. This feature is found on page 498 of your textbook.

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Answers: 1. In individual therapy, you have therapist’s full attention. In group therapy, clients learn by interrelating with other group members. 2. They can see how others react to them. 3. They can see more clients, and they can avoid problems with transference. 154 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

155 Continued on next slide.

Answers: 1. Dream analysis might be used to discover unconscious thoughts and feelings. 2. A sports car is climbing a steep winding road. 3. Answers will vary. One might interpret this dream as a symbol of moving forward but in in an uncertain or insecure direction. It might also symbolize a fear that someone is coming to get the dreamer. 156 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

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Answers: 1. Read the speech aloud in front of a mirror. 2. Both people are seated, making it seem less like a speech. 3. Possible answers include success at previous steps or relaxation techniques. 158 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

159 Continued on next slide.

Answers: 1. The four types of drugs are: antidepressants, antipsychotics, antianxiety drugs, and lithium carbonate. 2. The biological approach assumes that there is a biological cause to the problem. 3. Possible answers include: depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, psychosomatic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and bipolar disorder. 160 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Attitudes About Therapy From the Classroom of Cindy Giglio Kelly High School, Beaumont, TX You will be developing and administering a survey to find out about people’s attitudes regarding the use of therapy to treat psychological problems. As a class, brainstorm a series of statements that would help you learn about people’s attitudes concerning therapy. Continued on next slide. 161

Attitudes About Therapy From the Classroom of Cindy Giglio Kelly High School, Beaumont, TX Some examples are: “Therapy only works if the client really wants it to. ” “It is better to treat psychological disorders with drugs, rather than therapy. ” From the brainstormed list, select 15 statements to include in a survey. Then prepare the survey form. At the top of the form, include a place for participants to specify their gender and age range. Continued on next slide. 162

Attitudes About Therapy From the Classroom of Cindy Giglio Kelly High School, Beaumont, TX For each statement, participants should be able to select from a range of five responses: Strongly Agree, Somewhat Agree, Neither Agree nor Disagree, Somewhat Disagree, and Strongly Disagree. Reproduce enough forms so that every one can gather five samples. Compile the results and prepare a graphical analysis of the data. Then discuss the following questions. Continued on next slide. 163 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Attitudes About Therapy From the Classroom of Cindy Giglio Kelly High School, Beaumont, TX What general attitudes about therapy are apparent? How does a person’s age affect his or her attitude? How does a person’s gender affect his or her attitude? 164

Psychiatric nurses dispense medication or act as the “contacts” in the long hours between counseling sessions. The nurses’ words and gestures help clients deal with the day-to-day problems of emotional recovery. They are in a very real sense “the therapy in between therapy. ” 165

Crisis intervention programs, such as telephone hot lines, take an active approach to mental health. Counselors in such programs listen, provide encouragement, help people assess their situations realistically, and help people work out adaptive ways of coping with present and future crises. 166

The Jack Brown Center treats Native American clients with substance abuse problems. One type of therapy it employs is art therapy. It describes the concept of art therapy as follows: “… all the marks we make on paper, all the colors and graphic gestures we choose and use, are extensions of ourselves and of what we think and feel. Art therapy is especially valuable for those to whom words come too easily or too hard. ” Source: Cherokee Nation Behavioral Health Service at www. cherokee. org/Jack%20 Brown. asp 167

In the United States, the American Psychiatric Association supports the use of ECT for severe mood disorders and other specific cases. It is not generally regarded as a useful treatment for schizophrenia. In India, ECT is frequently used to treat schizophrenia. Source: Shukla, G. D. (1989). Electroconvulsive therapy: A review. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 97– 115. 168

Bioenergetic Psychotherapy The connection between the mind and the body has long been studied and debated. Today, bioenergetic psychotherapy seeks to treat both the mind and the body to relieve psychological problems. In addition to traditional talk therapy, a bioenergetic psychotherapist may prescribe specific exercises to help the client change patterns of repressed emotions or feelings. 169

Group Therapy • In the world of managed care and limited coverage of psychological services by most health insurers, group therapies have increased in popularity. • Group therapies allow one therapist to treat more clients and make better use of time. • Many group therapy sessions last for relatively brief periods, with 6 to 12 sessions common. • Some insurers cover group therapy; others do not. • Should psychological services be covered as a standard part of all health plans? 170 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• Imagine that a friend has come to you upset about the way her boss at a part-time job treats her. • She is thinking about quitting her job, but other than the boss’ criticisms, she really likes her job and her coworkers. • Suggest specific techniques of either rationalemotive therapy (RET) or cognitive therapy that may help the friend deal with the situation. 171 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• Read the Psychology and You feature on page 508 of your textbook. • Discuss the following: What services besides food and shelter should society provide to the homeless? 172 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Dorothea Dix 1802– 1887 Click the picture to listen to a biography on Dorothea Dix. Be prepared to answer questions that appear on the next three slides. 173 This feature is found on page 487 of your textbook.

Dorothea Dix 1802– 1887 For what is Dorothea Dix best remembered? She is best remembered as an activist for the rights of the mentally ill. 174 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 487 of your textbook.

Dorothea Dix 1802– 1887 How did she raise awareness of the plight of the mentally ill? After seeing the inhumane condition in which the mentally ill were forced to live, she reported what she saw to the public and to state legislatures. 175 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 487 of your textbook.

Dorothea Dix 1802– 1887 What were the results of her efforts? Her efforts resulted in reforms in the prison systems and in the treatment of those with psychological disorders. 176 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 487 of your textbook.

End of Custom Shows WARNING! Do Not Remove This slide is intentionally blank and is set to auto-advance to end custom shows and return to the main presentation. 177

178 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.