Presentation Plus The American Vision Copyright by The
Presentation Plus! The American Vision Copyright © by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Developed by FSCreations, Inc. , Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Send all inquiries to: GLENCOE DIVISION Glencoe/Mc. Graw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240
Chapter Introduction Section 1 The New Conservatism Section 2 The Reagan Years Section 3 Life in the 1980 s Section 4 The End of Cold War Chapter Summary Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
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Chapter Objectives Section 1: The New Conservatism • Explain how discontent with government led to a conservative shift in Americans’ political convictions. • Describe how the nation’s population shifts led to a change in voting patterns. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Chapter Objectives Section 2: The Reagan Years • Explain President Reagan’s economic recovery plan. • Discuss Reagan’s policies toward the Soviet Union. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Chapter Objectives Section 3: Life in the 1980 s • Discuss the importance of money to the culture of the 1980 s. • Explain the growth in social activism during the decade. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Chapter Objectives Section 4: The End of the Cold War • Identify the events that brought an end to the Cold War. • Explain the domestic challenge facing the Bush administration. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Why It Matters The 1980 s saw the rise of a new conservatism. President Reagan, standing for traditional values and smaller government, symbolized this movement. While tax cuts and new technologies fueled an economic boom, Reagan embarked on a massive military buildup and expanded efforts to contain communism. During President George Bush’s term, the United States fought the Persian Gulf War, and the Cold War came to a dramatic end with the fall of the Soviet Union.
The Impact Today Developments of the Reagan era are still visible today. • The struggle between conservative and liberal ideas often defines American politics. • Foreign policy has greatly changed because of the fall of the Soviet Union. • The Americans with Disabilities Act has opened up doors for disabled citizens. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
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Guide to Reading Main Idea In the 1980 s, discontent with government and changes in society resulted in the rise of a new conservative coalition. Key Terms and Names • liberal • Billy Graham • conservative • televangelist • William F. Buckley • Moral Majority • Sunbelt Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont. ) Reading Strategy Taking Notes As you read about the rise of a new conservative coalition in the United States, use the major headings of the section to create an outline similar to the on page 980 of your textbook. Reading Objectives • Explain how discontent with government led to a conservative shift in Americans’ political convictions. • Describe how the nation’s population shifts led to a change in voting patterns. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont. ) Section Theme Economic Factors High taxes as well as economic and moral concerns led the country toward a new conservatism.
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Conservatism and Liberalism • In 1980 a conservative candidate, Ronald Reagan, became president. • Liberal ideas had dominated American politics for much of the 1900 s. • The debate between liberals and democrats continues to the present day. (pages 980– 981) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Conservatism and Liberalism (cont. ) • Liberals believe that government should regulate the economy to protect people from the power of large corporations and wealthy elites. • They believe the government should help the disadvantaged through social programs and taxing the wealthy. • They believe that most social problems have their roots in economic inequality. (pages 980– 981) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Conservatism and Liberalism (cont. ) • Conservatives believe if the government regulates the economy, the economy is less efficient. • They believe that the free enterprise system is the way to organize society. • They oppose high taxes and government programs that transfer wealth from the rich to the less wealthy. • They believe that most social problems result from issues of morality and character, issues best solved through religious faith. (pages 980– 981) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Conservatism and Liberalism (cont. ) How do liberals and conservatives differ on the issue of taxes? Liberals believe that the tax burden should be placed on the wealthy, partly because the taxes weaken the power of the rich and partly because the government can transfer the wealth to other Americans to keep society more equal. Conservatives generally oppose high taxes that transfer wealth from the rich to the less wealthy because they believe it discourages investment, reduces the incentive to work, and reduces the amount of freedom in society. (pages 980– 981) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Conservatism Revives • After losing influence during the 1930 s, conservative ideas were revived shortly after WWII. • The revival of conservative ideas occurred for two reasons, both related to the Cold War. • Some Americans felt that liberal ideas were leading the United States toward communism. (pages 981– 982) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Conservatism Revives (cont. ) • Because communism rejected religion, Americans with a deep religious faith saw communism as a struggle over values. Liberalism, which focused on economic welfare, lost the support of many religious Americans who turned to conservatism. • In 1955 William F. Buckley began a new conservative magazine called the National Review. • The magazine revived conservative ideas. (pages 981– 982) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Conservatism Revives (cont. ) • By 1964 the new conservative movement had enough influence to enable conservative Barry Goldwater to win the Republican nomination for president. • President Johnson defeated Goldwater. (pages 981– 982) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Conservatism Revives (cont. ) How did William F. Buckley spread his ideas of conservatism? Buckley founded a new conservative magazine called National Review, which helped revive conservative ideas in the U. S. He debated in front of college students and appeared on radio and television. (pages 981– 982) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Conservatism Gains Support • After the 1964 defeat of conservative Barry Goldwater, the American political climate moved decisively in a conservative direction. • During the 1950 s and 1960 s, conservative Americans split their votes between Republicans and Democrats. • The South and the West were more conservative than other areas. (pages 982– 984) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Conservatism Gains Support (cont. ) • Therefore, the party winning the heavily populated Northeast won the election. • The Northeast supported liberal ideas. • During World War II, many Americans moved south and west to take war factory jobs. • This movement to the South and West, known as the Sunbelt, continued after the war. (pages 982– 984) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Conservatism Gains Support (cont. ) • As the Sunbelt’s economy expanded, Americans living there began to view the federal government differently than the people living in the Northeast. • By 1980 the Sunbelt population surpassed that of the Northeast, giving conservative regions of the country more electoral votes and more influence. • Southerners shifted their votes to Republicans. (pages 982– 984) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Conservatism Gains Support (cont. ) • During the 1960 s and 1970 s, Americans moved to the suburbs to escape the drug problems and increasing crime. • They found their middle-class existence was in danger, because rapid inflation of the 1970 s caused their buying power to decrease while taxes remained high. (pages 982– 984) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Conservatism Gains Support (cont. ) • In 1978 the first successful tax revolt occurred in California with Proposition 13, a referendum on the state ballot that greatly reduced property taxes. • This led to anti-tax movements in other states. • Many Americans looked to conservative ideas out of fear that society had lost touch with traditional values during the 1960 s and 1970 s. (pages 982– 984) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Conservatism Gains Support (cont. ) • The Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade, which made abortion a constitutional right, and the Supreme Court decisions to limit prayer in public schools shocked deeply religious Americans. • Religious conservatives included many different faiths, with the largest being evangelical Protestant Christians. (pages 982– 984) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Conservatism Gains Support (cont. ) • After World War II, a religious revival began with Protestant ministers like Billy Graham creating a national following. • Television enabled Christian evangelicals to reach nationwide audiences. • Televangelists, as they were called, included Pat Robertson, who founded the Christian Broadcasting Network, and Jerry Falwell, who used his show The Old-Time Gospel Hour to create the movement he called “Moral Majority. ” (pages 982– 984) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Conservatism Gains Support (cont. ) • The new conservative coalition of voters shared the belief that American society had lost its way. • Americans had lost faith in their government, lost confidence in the economy, and longed for stability and a return to a better time. • Ronald Reagan offered hope to these conservative voters. (pages 982– 984) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Conservatism Gains Support (cont. ) Why did conservatism gain support during the 1960 s and 1970 s? (pages 982– 984) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Conservatism Gains Support (cont. ) Many Americans looked to conservative ideas out of fear that society had lost touch with traditional values. The case of Roe v. Wade and the Supreme Court decision to limit prayer in public schools shocked deeply religious Americans. Religious conservatives included many faiths. After World War II, a religious revival began with Protestant ministers like Billy Graham creating a national following. Television enabled Christian evangelicals to reach nationwide audiences. The new conservative coalition of voters shared the belief that American society had lost its way. Americans had lost faith in their government, lost confidence in the economy, and longed for stability and a return to a (pages 982– 984) better time.
Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ A 1. a person who generally believes the government should take an active role in the economy and in social programs but that the government should not dictate social behavior __ B 2. a person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom __ C 3. an evangelist who conducts regularly televised religious programs Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A. liberal B. conservative C. televangelist
Checking for Understanding (cont. ) Explain why evangelical Protestant Christians began to support conservative issues. They feared American society had lost touch with its traditional values. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Themes Economic Factors What kind of economy did conservatives want? Conservatives wanted to strengthen the free enterprise system. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Analyzing How did Christian evangelicals contribute to a growing conservative national identity? Their media supported conservative candidates. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Visuals Analyzing Maps Study the map of the sunbelt on page 983 of your textbook. What impact would the migration patterns shown have on representation in the U. S. House of Representatives? The population increase would give the Sunbelt more seats in the House of Representatives, and conservatives would likely be elected to fill those seats. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Close Describe how the nation’s population shifts changed voting patterns.
Guide to Reading Main Idea The presidency of Ronald Reagan brought a new conservative attitude to government. Key Terms and Names • supply-side economics • Reaganomics • budget deficit • Sandra Day O’Connor • William Rehnquist • Geraldine Ferraro • contra • Iran-Contra scandal • Oliver North • Mikhail Gorbachev Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont. ) Reading Strategy Organizer As you read about the Reagan presidency, complete the graphic organizer on page 985 of your textbook by filling in the major points of the supply-side theory of economics. Reading Objectives • Explain President Reagan’s economic recovery plan. • Discuss Reagan’s policies toward the Soviet Union. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont. ) Section Theme Global Connections President Reagan believed the United States should take strong action to resist Communist influence overseas.
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The Road to the White House • Ronald Reagan had worked as a broadcaster and actor, which helped him with public speaking and his image. • Reagan had been a Democrat and a supporter of the New Deal, but during his time as the president of the Screen Actors Guild he began shifting to conservative ideas. • Barry Goldwater asked Reagan to speak in a televised broadcast. (pages 985– 987) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Road to the White House (cont. ) • Reagan caught the attention of several wealthy entrepreneurs, who convinced him to run for governor of California in 1966. • He was reelected in 1970, and ten years later he won the Republican nomination for president. (pages 985– 987) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Road to the White House (cont. ) • Reagan’s campaign for the 1980 presidential election appealed to Americans who were frustrated with the economy and a weakened nation. • He promised to cut taxes and increase defense spending. • He won the election with nearly 51 percent of the popular vote and 489 electoral votes. (pages 985– 987) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Road to the White House (cont. ) How did Ronald Reagan’s time as a motivational speaker bring him toward more conservative ideas? As he traveled around the United States, he heard stories from average Americans about how high taxes and government regulations made it impossible for them to get ahead. (pages 985– 987) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reagan’s Domestic Policies • Ronald Reagan’s first priority was the economy and its combination of high unemployment and high inflation. • Conservative economists disagreed on how to address the problem. • On one side, the monetarists believed that too much money in circulation caused inflation, and raising interest rates was the solution. • The other group supported supply-side economics, arguing that the economy was weak because steep taxes were taking money away from investors. (pages 987– 988) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Reagan’s Domestic Policies (cont. ) • Reagan combined the two types of economics by encouraging the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates and by asking Congress to pass a massive tax cut. • Critics called his approach Reaganomics or “trickle-down economics. ” • They believed that it would help wealthy Americans, but little would “trickle down” to average Americans. (pages 987– 988) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Reagan’s Domestic Policies (cont. ) • Cutting tax rates meant less money for the government and an increase in the budget deficit–the amount by which expenditures exceed income. • To control the deficit, Reagan cut social programs. • These cuts were still not enough to balance the budget. (pages 987– 988) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Reagan’s Domestic Policies (cont. ) • Reagan saw government regulations as another cause of economic problems. • He signed an executive order eliminating price controls on oil and gasoline, which resulted in lower gas prices. • Other deregulation occurred in the automobile industry, airline industry, and the easing of regulations on pollution. (pages 987– 988) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Reagan’s Domestic Policies (cont. ) • Reagan took his conservative ideas to the federal judiciary. • He wanted judges to follow the original intent of the Constitution. • He nominated the first woman, Sandra Day O’Connor, to the Supreme Court. • In 1986 Reagan chose the most conservative associate justice, William Rehnquist, to fill the spot left vacant by retiring Chief Justice Warren Burger. (pages 987– 988) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Reagan’s Domestic Policies (cont. ) • As the 1984 election approached, the growing economy made Reagan the favorite candidate. • Democratic candidate, Walter Mondale, chose as his running mate Geraldine Ferraro, the first woman to run for vice president for a major party. • Reagan won in a landslide, receiving all electoral votes except those from Mondale’s home state and the District of Columbia. (pages 987– 988) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Reagan’s Domestic Policies (cont. ) What was Reaganomics? Reaganomics was President Reagan’s economic policy to end stagflation by raising interest rates and by passing a massive tax cut. Critics called his approach “trickle-down economics, ” believing that it would help wealthy Americans, but little would “trickle down” to average Americans. (pages 987– 988) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reagan Builds Up the Military • President Reagan adopted a new foreign policy that rejected containment and détente. • Reagan’s phrase regarding the Soviet Union was “peace through strength. ” • He launched the largest peacetime military buildup in American history. • With the increase in the military buildup, the defense budget drove the annual budget deficit from $80 billion to over $200 billion. (pages 988– 989) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Reagan Builds Up the Military (cont. ) What did Reagan think would happen to the Soviet Union if it tried to keep up with the United States military buildup? Reagan believed that if the Soviets tried to keep up with the United States military buildup, their economic system would have to be reformed or it would collapse. (pages 988– 989) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The Reagan Doctrine • Reagan believed that the United States should support guerrilla groups trying to overthrow Communist or pro-Soviet governments. • This became known as the Reagan Doctrine. • Reagan sent $570 million to aid Afghan guerrillas in Afghanistan. • The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was unsuccessful due to a huge Afghan resistance. • The Soviets withdrew from the region in (pages 989– 990) 1988. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Reagan Doctrine (cont. ) • Reagan, concerned about Soviet influence in Nicaragua, began secretly arming an anti-Sandinista guerrilla force known as the contras, Spanish for counter-revolutionary. • After Congress learned of the policy, they banned further aid to the contras. • The Iran-Contra scandal became news in November 1986. • It was discovered that individuals in the Reagan administration were illegally supporting contras. (pages 989– 990) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Reagan Doctrine (cont. ) • Weapons were sold to Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages being held in the Middle East. • The profits from the arms sales were sent to the contras. • Marine Colonel Oliver North, one of the main figures in the scandal, testified that he and other NSC and CIA officials attempted to cover up their actions. (pages 989– 990) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Reagan Doctrine (cont. ) What was the Iran-Contra scandal? Individuals in the Reagan administration were illegally supporting contras. Weapons were sold to Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages being held in the Middle East. The profits were being sent to the Nicaraguan contras. (pages 989– 990) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
New Approaches to Arms Control • Reagan deployed nuclear missiles in Western Europe to counter Soviet missiles in Eastern Europe. • This action created a new peace movement, with protestors calling for a “nuclear freeze. ” • Reagan offered to cancel the deployment if the Soviets removed their missiles from Eastern Europe. • He proposed Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) to reduce the number of (pages 990– 991) missiles on each side by half. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
New Approaches to Arms Control (cont. ) • The Soviets refused. • In 1983 Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), nicknamed “Star Wars. ” • This plan called for the development of weapons that could intercept and destroy incoming missiles. (pages 990– 991) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
New Approaches to Arms Control (cont. ) • In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev, the new leader of the Soviet Union, agreed to resume arms talks with the United States. • Reagan and Gorbachev met in a series of summit meetings. • Gorbachev promised to cut back Soviet nuclear forces if Reagan would agree to give up SDI. • Reagan refused, but he challenged the Soviet leader to make reforms and tear down the Berlin Wall. (pages 990– 991) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
New Approaches to Arms Control (cont. ) • In December 1987, Reagan and Gorchachev signed the Intermediate. Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty that called for the destruction of nuclear weapons. • The Soviet Union reduced military spending, which eventually led to economic and political reforms and the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union. (pages 990– 991) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
New Approaches to Arms Control (cont. ) Why did Reagan propose the Strategic Defense Initiative? Reagan did not believe in the mutual assured destruction theory which stated that as long as the United States and the Soviet Union could destroy one another, each side would be afraid to use nuclear weapons. He wanted weapons that could intercept and destroy incoming missiles. (pages 990– 991) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ B 1. the amount by which expenses exceed income A. supply-side economics __ C 2. Spanish for counterrevolutionary, an anti. Sandinista guerrilla force in Nicaragua B. budget deficit __ A 3. economic theory that lower taxes will boost the economy as businesses and individuals invest their money, thereby creating higher tax revenue Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. C. contra
Checking for Understanding (cont. ) List the groups that Ronald Reagan appealed to in the 1980 presidential election. Reagan appealed to social and economic conservatives because Americans worried that the United States had become weak internationally. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Themes Global Connections What was President Reagan’s stance on foreign policy? His policy was an aggressive stance toward communism everywhere. He supported a build-up of the military to weaken the Soviets. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Visuals Analyzing Graphs Study the graph on page 990 of your textbook detailing the amount of money spent by the federal government from 1980 to 1992. What relationship do you see between military spending and the national debt? Debt rose much faster due to interest charged on the debt. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Close Explain President Reagan’s economic recovery plan and analyze its effectiveness.
Guide to Reading Main Idea The 1980 s was a decade characterized by wealth, but it was also a time of renewed activism. Key Terms and Names • yuppie • space shuttle • AIDS • space station • Sierra Club • American Association of Retired Persons Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont. ) Reading Strategy Organizing As you read about life in the 1980 s, complete a graphic organizer similar to the on page 994 of your textbook by listing the kinds of social issues that the United States faced in this decade. Reading Objectives • Discuss the importance of money to the culture of the 1980 s. • Explain the growth in social activism during the decade. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont. ) Section Theme Science and Technology Achievements in space and technology during the 1980 s symbolized the optimism many associated with the Reagan era.
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A Decade of Indulgence • The 1980 s were celebrated with wealth. • Television shows like Dallas and Dynasty glamorized the lives of the wealthy. • The rapid economic growth of the 1980 s was partly caused by the baby boom. • By the 1980 s, baby boomers had finished college and were entering the workforce. (pages 994– 995) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
A Decade of Indulgence (cont. ) • They often placed an emphasis on acquiring material items and advancing professionally. • Journalists called young, ambitious, and hardworking moneymakers yuppies– young urban professionals. • By the mid-1990 s, the top 5 percent of Americans earned over 21 percent of the nation’s income. (pages 994– 995) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
A Decade of Indulgence (cont. ) Who benefited from the economic growth of the 1980 s? Middle- and upper-class Americans benefited from the economic growth. (pages 994– 995) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Technology and the Media • The 1980 s brought technology that enhanced broadcast news and entertainment. • Cassette tapes and the Sony Walkman made music portable. • Many houses had VCRs, making it possible to view movies anytime. • The creation of cable and satellite television brought many more choices to the viewer. (pages 995– 996) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Technology and the Media (cont. ) • Music Television (MTV) was an instant hit with a combination of songs and fastmoving short films. • Video games also hit the market. • Video arcades became the new spot for young people to meet. (pages 995– 996) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Technology and the Media (cont. ) How did technology transform broadcast news and entertainment in the 1980 s? New technology divided the broadcast media into smaller audience segments. Cassette tapes and the Sony Walkman made music portable. Many houses had VCRs, making it possible to view movies anytime. The creation of cable and satellite television brought many more channels and choices to the viewer. Music Television (MTV) was an instant hit with a combination of songs and fast-moving short films. Video games also hit the market. (pages 995– 996) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
A Society Under Stress • Americans faced many social problems during the 1980 s. • An ongoing problem with drug abuse during the 1980 s made city neighborhoods dangerous. • First Lady Nancy Reagan began a program called “Just Say No” to discourage teens from using drugs. (pages 996– 997) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
A Society Under Stress (cont. ) • During the 1980 s, underage drinking caused thousands of tragic alcoholrelated auto accidents. • Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) formed to address the problem. • In 1984 Congress cut highway funds to any state that did not raise the legal drinking age to 21. (pages 996– 997) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
A Society Under Stress (cont. ) • In 1981 researchers identified a disease called AIDS, or acquired immune deficiency syndrome. • AIDS weakens the immune system, lowering resistance to illnesses such as pneumonia and types of cancer. • The disease is spread through body fluids. (pages 996– 997) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
A Society Under Stress (cont. ) What kinds of social problems did Americans face in the 1980 s? Americans faced an ongoing problem with drug abuse, alcohol abuse, and the spread of AIDS. (pages 996– 997) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Social Activism • Although Ronald Reagan’s election began a conservative movement in the United States, many Americans continued to organize and promote causes. • During the Reagan years, many environmentalists became frustrated. (pages 997– 998) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Social Activism (cont. ) • Secretary of the Interior James Watt encouraged the development of public lands. • Worried about Watt’s plan, many people joined groups like the Sierra Club. • The environmental movement was concerned about nuclear power plants, fragile wetlands, recycling, and global warming. • Many musicians joined to help with social causes. (pages 997– 998) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Social Activism (cont. ) • As people began living longer and birthrates declined, the senior citizen population became a stronger presence. • Not only did the amount of people receiving Social Security benefits lead to pressure on the budget; older Americans became a very vocal and influential voting interest group. • The American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) was founded in 1958 as the major organization of older Americans. (pages 997– 998) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Social Activism (cont. ) What types of aid did rock musicians support? Rock musicians held benefits to help such causes as food banks, homelessness, people starving in Ethiopia, and American farmers. (pages 997– 998) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
A New Era in Space • The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) concentrated on the space shuttle. • The shuttle looked like a huge airplane that rocketed into space and then returned for another flight. • The shuttle Columbia made its first flight in 1981. (pages 998– 999) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
A New Era in Space (cont. ) • Satellites were sent into orbit to gather scientific data, and probes were sent for further research. • Space stations, or orbiting platforms where continuous observation of the universe could take place, eventually generated international support with some sixteen nations, including Russia, participating in these flying laboratories. (pages 998– 999) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
A New Era in Space (cont. ) How did space exploration change in the 1980 s? The first space shuttle was launched in 1981. Female astronauts became common. Satellites were sent into orbit to gather scientific data, and probes were sent for further research. Space stations eventually generated international support with some sixteen nations, including Russia, participating in these flying laboratories. (pages 998– 999) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ C 1. a large satellite designed to be occupied for long periods and to serve as a base for operations in space __ A 2. a young college-educated adult who is employed in a well-paying profession and who lives and works in or near a large city __ B 3. a reusable spacecraft designed to transport people and cargo between Earth and space Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A. yuppie B. space shuttle C. space station
Checking for Understanding (cont. ) Summarize the causes for which several musicians held concert benefits in the 1980 s. Band Aid and Live Aid aided famine victims in Ethiopia and elsewhere, and Farm Aid helped American farmers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Themes Science and Technology What new innovations occurred in the nation’s space program in the 1980 s? New innovations included shuttles, space probes, space stations, and female astronauts. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Comparing How do the social problems the United States faces today compare with those the nation faced in the 1980 s? Many problems are the same. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Visuals Examining Diagrams Study the illustration on page 995 of your textbook. What elements of the diagram depict the concept of materialism? Brand names shown reflect the striving for social status. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Close Discuss attitudes toward money in the culture of the 1980 s.
Guide to Reading Main Idea President George Bush’s foreign policy commanded broad support, but his domestic agenda did not. Key Terms and Names • perestroika • downsizing • glasnost • capital gains tax • Boris Yeltsin • H. Ross Perot • Tiananmen Square • grassroots movement • Saddam Hussein Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont. ) Reading Strategy Categorizing As you read about the administration of President Bush, complete a chart similar to the on page 1001 of your textbook by describing U. S. foreign policy in each of the places listed on the chart. Reading Objectives • Identify the events that brought an end to the Cold War. • Explain the domestic challenges facing the Bush administration. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont. ) Section Theme Economic Factors The deficit and an economic slowdown hurt George Bush’s attempt to win re-election in 1992.
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George Bush Takes Office • President George Bush took office in 1988 and was confronted with many international crises. • Bush won the 1988 election against Democrat Michael Dukakis. • Bush won with 54 percent of the popular vote and 426 electoral votes. • Democrats, however, were able to keep control of the Congress. (pages 1001– 1002) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
George Bush Takes Office (cont. ) • Jesse Jackson, the first African American to make a serious attempt at the presidential nomination, finished second in the Democratic primaries behind Dukakis. • Jackson worked to create a “rainbow coalition”–a broad group of minorities and the poor. (pages 1001– 1002) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
George Bush Takes Office (cont. ) What experience did George Bush bring to the presidency? George Bush had served as the ambassador to the UN and as the nation’s first diplomatic envoy to the People’s Republic of China. He was also the head of the CIA from 1976 to 1977. (pages 1001– 1002) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The Cold War Ends • President Bush faced many changes that took place with the sudden end to the Cold War. • By the late 1980 s, the Soviet economy suffered from inefficient central planning and huge expenditures on the arms race. • Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev instituted perestroika, or “restructuring, ” to help save the economy by allowing some private enterprise and profitmaking. (pages 1002– 1003) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Cold War Ends (cont. ) • Gorbachev’s other principle, glasnost, or “openness, ” allowed for more freedom of religion and speech. • Glasnost spread to Eastern Europe in 1989. • Peaceful revolutions replaced Communist rulers with democratically elected governments in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria. (pages 1002– 1003) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Cold War Ends (cont. ) • The revolution spread to East Germany where on November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall was finally opened. • Within a year, East and West Germany had reunited. • In August 1991, a group of Communist officials and army officers staged a coup in the Soviet Union. • Gorbachev was arrested. • Troops were sent into Moscow, but Russian president Boris Yeltsin defied the coup. (pages 1002– 1003) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Cold War Ends (cont. ) • The coup collapsed, and Gorbachev was released and returned to Moscow. • In December 1991, Gorbachev announced the end of the Soviet Union. • Most former Soviet republics joined a federation called the Commonwealth of Independent States. (pages 1002– 1003) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Cold War Ends (cont. ) What were Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms? To save the economy, Gorbachev instituted perestroika, or “restructuring, ” and allowed some private enterprise and profit-making. He also instituted glasnost, or “openness, ” which allowed more freedom of religion and speech. (pages 1002– 1003) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The “New World Order” • After the Cold War, Bush made the phrase a “new world order” popular. • Bush faced crises in China, Panama, and the Middle East. • Despite the end of communism in Eastern Europe, China’s Communist leaders were determined to remain in power. • China continued to repress political speech and dissent. (pages 1003– 1005) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The “New World Order” (cont. ) • In May 1989, Chinese students and workers held demonstrations for democracy. • In early June, government tanks and soldiers ended the protests in Tiananmen Square, in China’s capital of Beijing. • The attack left many people dead, and pro-democracy activists were arrested and later sentenced to death. (pages 1003– 1005) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The “New World Order” (cont. ) • In 1978 the United States agreed to give Panama control over the Panama Canal in 2000. • Because of the canal’s importance, American officials investigated to make sure Panama’s government was stable and pro-American. • By 1989 Panama’s dictator, General Manuel Noriega, had stopped cooperating with the United States and was aiding drug traffickers. (pages 1003– 1005) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The “New World Order” (cont. ) • He had directed his supporters to harass military personal stationed to defend the canal. • American troops were ordered to invade Panama and arrest Noriega. • American troops then helped Panamanians hold elections and set up a new government. (pages 1003– 1005) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The “New World Order” (cont. ) • In August 1990, Iraq’s leader, Saddam Hussein, sent his army to invade oil-rich Kuwait. • Bush convinced other nations to join a coalition to stop Iraq. • Economic sanctions were imposed on Iraq, and a deadline was set for the Iraqis to withdraw. • Iraq refused, so on January 16, 1991, the coalition began Operation Desert Storm. (pages 1003– 1005) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The “New World Order” (cont. ) • An air attack followed by a massive ground attack left thousands of Iraqi soldiers dead. • Bush declared that Kuwait had been liberated, and American troops returned home to cheering crowds. (pages 1003– 1005) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The “New World Order” (cont. ) What was the response of other countries after Tiananmen Square? The United States and several European countries stopped arms sales and reduced diplomatic contacts with China. The World Bank suspended loans. (pages 1003– 1005) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Domestic Challenges • The defense industry was hard hit by the end of the Cold War when the need for military equipment decreased. • This recession hit other companies as well, and they began downsizing, or laying off workers and managers to become more efficient. • The nation’s high level of debt made the situation worse. (pages 1005– 1006) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Domestic Challenges (cont. ) • To improve the economy, Bush called for a cut in the capital gains tax–the tax paid by businesses and investors when they sell stocks or real estate for a profit. • The Democrats in Congress defeated it. • Bush agreed to a tax increase in exchange for cuts in spending. • This broke his campaign promise of “no new taxes, ” turning many voters against him. (pages 1005– 1006) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Domestic Challenges (cont. ) • The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), passed in 1990, forbade discrimination in work and public places against people who were physically or mentally challenged. (pages 1005– 1006)
Domestic Challenges (cont. ) Why did Congress defeat Bush’s capital gains tax? The Democrats in Congress felt the idea was a tax break only for the rich. (pages 1005– 1006) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The 1992 Election • Bush won the Republican nomination for the 1992 presidential election. • Democratic nominee Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas promised to cut taxes and blamed Bush for the recession. • Independent candidate H. Ross Perot caused quite a challenge. • His no-nonsense approach appealed to many Americans. • A grassroots movement, or groups of people organizing at the local level, put Perot on the ballot in all 50 states. (page 1060) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The 1992 Election (cont. ) • Bill Clinton won the election with only 43 percent of the popular vote but 370 electoral votes. • The Democrats kept control of Congress. (page 1060) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The 1992 Election (cont. ) Why was independent candidate H. Ross Perot a strong candidate in the 1992 election for president? Many Americans did not like either Bush or Clinton. Perot’s no-nonsense style appealed to many Americans. He stressed the need to end deficit spending. (page 1006) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ A 1. a policy of economic and government restructuring instituted by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in the 1980 s __ E 2. a group of people organizing at the local or community levels, away from political or cultural centers __ B 3. a Soviet policy permitting open discussion of political and social issues and freer dissemination of news and information Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A. perestroika B. glasnost C. downsizing D. capital gains tax E. grassroots movement
Checking for Understanding (cont. ) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ D 4. a federal tax paid by businesses and investors when they sell stocks or real estate A. perestroika __ C 5. reducing a company in size by laying off workers and managers to become more efficient D. capital gains tax Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. B. glasnost C. downsizing E. grassroots movement
Checking for Understanding (cont. ) Describe how Mikhail Gorbachev tried to reform the Soviet government. Gorbachev wanted to allow some private enterprise and profit-making, and to allow more freedom of speech and religion. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Themes Economic Factors How did the economy affect the 1992 election? The recession hurt Bush’s efforts to get re-elected. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Analyzing How did the United States and its Western allies finally achieve victory in the Cold War? The West forced the Soviets to engage in an arms race they could not afford, and Western powers also supported Gorbachev’s reform ideas. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Visuals Studying Maps Examine the map on page 1005 of your textbook. Which nations have significant oil resources? Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran have significant oil reserves. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Close Explain the domestic challenges facing the Bush administration between 1989 and 1992.
Reviewing Key Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. A. televangelist __ G 1. a policy of economic and B. supply-side government restructuring instituted by Mikhail economics Gorbachev in the Soviet C. budget deficit Union in the 1980 s D. contra __ B 2. economic theory that lower E. yuppie taxes will boost the economy F. space station as businesses and individuals invest their money, thereby G. perestroika creating higher tax revenue H. glasnost __ I 3. a federal tax paid by I. capital gains businesses and investors tax when they sell stocks or real J. grassroots estate movement Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Reviewing Key Terms (cont. ) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. A. televangelist __ A 4. an evangelist who conducts regularly televised religious B. supply-side programs economics __ D 5. Spanish for counter. C. budget deficit revolutionary, an anti. D. contra Sandinista guerrilla force E. yuppie in Nicaragua F. space station __ F 6. a large satellite designed to be occupied for long periods G. perestroika and to serve as a base for H. glasnost operations in space I. capital gains __ 7. a group of young people J tax organizing at the local or community level, away from J. grassroots political or cultural centers movement Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Reviewing Key Terms (cont. ) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. A. televangelist __ E 8. a young college-educated B. supply-side adult who is employed in a well-paying profession and economics who lives and works in or near C. budget deficit a large city D. contra __ H 9. a Soviet policy permitting E. yuppie open discussion of political F. space station and social issues and freer dissemination of news and G. perestroika information H. glasnost __ C 10. the amount by which I. capital gains expenses exceed income tax J. grassroots movement Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Reviewing Key Facts Why did people in the Sunbelt tend to be conservative? Their economy was expanding, and they did not want the government to interfere with their region’s growth. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts (cont. ) What three steps did President Reagan take to improve the economy? He implemented Reaganomics, program cuts, and deregulation. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts (cont. ) What social issues did the United States face in the 1980 s? Social issues facing the United States included AIDS, alcohol abuse, crime, drug abuse, homelessness, and Social Security. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts (cont. ) What event triggered the Persian Gulf War? Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait and subsequent refusal to withdraw triggered the Persian Gulf War. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts (cont. ) What economic problems did President George Bush face during his administration? George Bush faced the economic problems of recession, high consumer debt, and the federal deficit. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Analyzing Themes: Global Connections What event brought an end to the Cold War in the 1980 s? What effect did that have on U. S. policies and on the U. S. economy? The signing of the INF treaty in 1987 triggered a reduction in Soviet military spending and the beginning of Gorbachev’s reforms. The U. S. economy slowed as a result of reductions in military spending. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking (cont. ) Synthesizing How did conservatives gain political power in the 1980 s? They elected two presidents who reinforced conservative values and economic policies. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Geography and History The map on page 1009 of your textbook shows the results of the 1992 presidential election. Study the map and answer the questions on the following slides.
Geography and History (cont. ) Interpreting Maps How far short did President Bush fall in the race for Electoral College votes? He was short 102 votes of the 270 needed in the Electoral College. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Geography and History (cont. ) Applying Geography Skills Bill Clinton won his strongest support in which region of the nation? Bill Clinton won his strongest support in the Northeast and along the Pacific coast. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was proposed to strengthen the military by A preventing the expansion of Communist countries. B reemphasizing the use of infantry troops in future wars. C developing weapons that would intercept and destroy incoming nuclear missiles. D severely reducing the number of American troops stationed worldwide. Test-Taking Tip Eliminate answers that do not make sense. Reducing the number of American troops (answer D), for example, probably would not strengthen the military. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to The American Vision Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http: //tav. glencoe. com
Food and Fashion A swing to the more conservative right in the 1980 s, along with more high-powered jobs for women, marked an end to colorful hippie styles and casual, tie-dyed T-shirts. Instead, the 1980 s introduced “power dressing” into offices and businesses. For women in business, design houses such as Chanel and Armani made well-cut “power suits” with tailored jackets and wide, padded shoulders. Armani produced elegant business suits for men as well. Colorful vests were a popular male accessory. Designers also introduced expensive “power ties, ” often bright yellow or red. Another aspect of power dressing was the similarity between men’s and women’s fashions. Women’s suits were man-tailored and made of fabric traditionally used in men’s suits. It was not unusual for women to wear ties similar to the one shown in the illustration on page 995 of your textbook, often in the same fabric as men’s power ties.
Ronald Reagan used his experience as an actor for his life in public office. Just as he had rehearsed his lines as an actor, he spent hours fine-tuning the wording and delivery of his speeches.
In 1986 the surgeon general of the United States, C. Everett Koop, released a report on AIDS. The report was explicit and non-judgmental. It was also controversial. Because Koop believed strongly that AIDS was a public health crisis, he wrote a brochure, “Understanding AIDS, ” and mailed it to 107 million American households.
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Television In contrast to Ronald Reagan, who was at home in front of the television camera, Walter Mondale appeared awkward and uncomfortable. After losing the 1984 election, Mondale commented on the role of television. “Modern politics today requires a mastery of television, ” he said. “I’ve never really warmed up to television and, in fairness to television, it’s never warmed up to me. ”
Saddam Hussein Downsizing Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Saddam Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein likes to be called by his first name. When pronounced correctly, with the emphasis on the second syllable, Saddam means “leader” or “learned one. ” During the Persian Gulf War, President Bush insisted on pronouncing the name with the emphasis on the first syllable. Pronounced this way, Saddam means “a boy who fixes or cleans shoes. ”
Downsizing Some companies chose to use the term downsizing rather than layoff because layoff sounded too negative. After several years of downsizing, some companies started to use the term rightsizing to infer that cuts were being made to adjust the workforce to the correct size.
Analyzing News Media Every citizen needs to be aware of current issues and events in order to make good decisions when exercising citizenship rights. To stay informed, people use a variety of news sources, including print media, broadcast media, and electronic media. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
Analyzing News Media Learning the Skill To get an accurate profile of current events, you must learn to think critically about the news. The steps below will help you think critically. • First, think about the source of the news story. Reports that reveal sources are more reliable than those that do not. If you know the sources, you can evaluate them. • Many news stories analyze and interpret events. Such analyses may be more detailed than other reports, but they also reflect a reporter’s biases. Look for biases as you read or listen to news stories. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Analyzing News Media Learning the Skill (cont. ) • Ask yourself whether the news is even-handed and thorough. Is it reported on the scene or secondhand? Does it represent both sides of the issue? How many sources are used? The more sources cited for a fact, the more reliable it usually is.
Analyzing News Media Practicing the Skill Follow these steps to analyze two types of print media. 1. Find two articles, one in a current newspaper and the other in a newsmagazine, on a decision made by the president or Congress on a topic such as Social Security, education, or taxes. 2. What points were the articles trying to make? Were the articles successful? Can the facts be verified? 3. Did either of the articles reflect a bias toward one viewpoint or the other? List any unsupported statements. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Analyzing News Media Practicing the Skill (cont. ) 4. Was the news reported on the scene or secondhand? Do the articles seem to represent both sides fairly? 5. How many sources can you identify in the articles? List them. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Tear Down This Wall! Objectives After viewing “Tear Down This Wall!, ” you should: • Know that the end of World War II did not end international tensions. • Realize that the Berlin Wall was more than a dividing line; it disrupted lives and symbolized the gulf between free and government-controlled societies. • Appreciate the joy Berliners felt when the Wall fell–and what it means to live in a free society. Click in the small window above to show a preview of The American Vision video. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Tear Down This Wall! Discussion Questions After World War II ended, why did some people want to leave East Berlin? Economic conditions were poor in East Berlin, and people sought better lives in West Berlin. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Tear Down This Wall! Discussion Questions How did movement between East and West Berlin change after the construction of the Berlin Wall? Before construction of the Berlin Wall, people could travel between the two sides fairly easily. Many Berliners worked and shopped in West Berlin, and some chose to relocate there. Afterwards, however, movement was strictly controlled, and those who tried to escape from East to West risked being shot. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Countries’ Barrels per Day War in the Persian Gulf Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
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