Presentation Plus Human Heritage A World History Copyright

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CHAPTER FOCUS SECTION 1 Celtic Ireland SECTION 2 Christianity CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER ASSESSMENT 3 Click a hyperlink to go to the corresponding section. Press the ESC key at any time to exit the presentation.

Overview • Chapter 19 discusses the development of civilization in the British Isles. – Section 1 describes the development of an independent Celtic culture in Ireland. – Section 2 explains the development of English government and society under the Anglo-Saxon kings. 4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: • summarize what life was like in Celtic Ireland. • describe how Christianity developed in both Ireland England. • explain why the Anglo-Saxons united under Alfred the Great. • describe what life was like in Anglo. Saxon England. 5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Read to Discover • How Rome influenced the area known today as the British Isles • What life was like in Celtic Ireland • How Christianity developed in Ireland England • Why the Anglo-Saxons united under Alfred the Great • What life was like in Anglo-Saxon England 6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 289 of your textbook.

Terms to Learn • coracles • shires • sheriff • king’s peace • witenagemot • witan People to Know • Saint Patrick • Saint Columba • Pope Gregory I • Ethelbert • Bede • Alfred the Great Places to Locate • British Isles • Kent • Wessex • Daneland 7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the Speaker On button to listen to the words.

Why It’s Important Off the west coast of Europe lies a group of islands that never became part of Charlemagne’s empire. Known today as the British Isles, they consist of Great Britain, Ireland, and many smaller islands. Roman legions led by Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B. C. The Romans eventually conquered much of the island ruled it for almost 400 years. The Romans had difficulties ruling some of the area. A conquered people called Celts were not interested in or influenced by Roman culture. During the 300 s A. D. Roman soldiers were called home to defend the empire’s borders against the Germanic invasions. After 410 A. D. , the island was overrun by groups from northern Germany and Denmark, called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. These groups united to become The Anglo-Saxons. They built settlements and set up several small kingdoms. The southern part of Britain soon became known as Angleland, or England. The people became known as the English. Click the Speaker On button to replay the audio. 8

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Celtic Ireland • When the Anglo-Saxons came, most of the Celts who lived in Britain fled to Ireland. • Ireland became the major center of Celtic culture where clans of people farmed and raised cattle. • Seafaring Irish made boats large enough to hold 30 people, called coracles, by stretching cow hides over a wooden frame. • The Irish remained free of Germanic attacks because their island was located farther out in the Atlantic Ocean than Britain. 10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 289 of your textbook.

Celtic Ireland (cont. ) • Saint Patrick, who was born in Britain in the 400 s A. D. , founded the Irish Church. • Ireland lost contact with Rome during the Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire. • The monasteries became centers of Irish life. • Church organization was weak, however, because of poor transportation and communication. 11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Celtic Ireland (cont. ) • Saint Columba, one of the best-known monks, set up a monastery on Iona, an island off the west coast of Scotland. • Monks from Iona went to northern England to preach to the Anglo-Saxons; other went to northern Europe, where they built monasteries and churches. • They helped spread Christianity and learning throughout Charlemagne's empire. 12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section Assessment How did the Irish earn a living? Most Irish earned a living by farming, raising cattle, trading, and fishing. 13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Why did Irish monasteries take charge of their own affairs? Irish monasteries took charge of their own affairs because Ireland lost contact with Rome during the Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire. 14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Predicting Consequences What might have happened in Britain if the Romans had not left in 410 A. D. ? The Romans might have defeated the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes when they crossed over to Britain, and Roman culture would have remained. 15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Draw a diagram like the on page 291 of your textbook, and use it to show the cause and effects of Irish isolation from Germanic invasions. The cause of the Irish isolation was it was an island located farther out in the Atlantic Ocean than Britain. The effects were it attracted scholars, artists, merchants, and monks seeking peace and safety; lost contact with Rome; Irish abbots took control of monasteries; monasteries became the center of Irish life. 16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

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Christianity • Ireland was Christian, but the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Britain followed the Germanic religions. • In 597 A. D. , Pope Gregory I sent a mission of 41 monks from Rome to England under the leadership of Augustine to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity • Ethelbert, the king of Kent, allowed Augustine to build a church in the town of Canterbury. • One monk, Bede, was a great scholar and wrote the first history of the English people. 18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2 begins on page 292 of your textbook.

Alfred the Great • About 835 A. D. , bands of Danes began attacking the coast of England to make permanent settlements. • The English kingdoms decided to resist the invaders. They chose Alfred, King of Wessex, who later became known as Alfred the Great, to resist the invaders. • As Alfred was never strong enough to completely drive the Danes from England, he signed a treaty with them. • Alfred had London rebuilt after destruction by the Danes. 19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Government • The government of Anglo-Saxon England centered on the king who was elected by a council of lords. • Since the central government was too weak to govern the whole country, the king set up local governments divided into districts called shires. • Each shire was run by a sheriff, who was a local noble chosen by the king. • The king and his household moved around; the area the royal household was in was under the king's peace, or royal protection. 20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Government (cont. ) • A group of nobles and church leaders, known as the witenagemot, met with the king to advise and act as a court. • Each member of the group was known as a witan, or wiseman. • The group approved laws drawn up by the king and his household. 21 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The People • The people in Anglo-Saxon England were generally divided into two classes–nobles and peasants. • An Anglo-Saxon became a noble by birth or as a reward for special service to the king. • Nobles had to attend the witenagemot, keep peace in local areas, and serve the king in war. • The king rewarded nobles with gifts of gold, silver, horses, weapons, and estates. 22 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The People (cont. ) • The peasants lived in huts in small villages on the estate and did not own their own land. • They helped each other farm the noble's land by sharing tools and oxen. 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section Assessment How did Christianity come to the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England? Pope Gregory I sent Augustine and other monks to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons. After King Ethelbert converted, other people quickly accepted the religion. 24 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) What did Alfred do to unite Anglo. Saxon England? He defeated the Danes, built ships, constructed fortresses, and set forth new laws. 25 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Drawing Conclusions Why do you think Alfred was given the title of “the Great”? Answers will vary. 26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont. ) Draw a diagram like the on page 296 of your textbook, and use it to record the things that nobles and peasants gave to each other. The nobles gave land protection to the peasants, and the peasants gave their labor and part of their crops to the nobles. 27 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

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Chapter Summary & Study Guide • After Roman legions left Britain in 410 A. D. , it was overrun by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who united to become the Anglo-Saxons. • After the Anglo-Saxons drove most of the Celts from Britain, Ireland became a center of Celtic culture. • Monasteries became centers of Irish life. • In 597 A. D. , Pope Gregory I sent monks to England, and by 700 A. D. England had become Christian. 29 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont. ) • When bands of Danes began raiding England in the 800 s, the Anglo-Saxons united behind Alfred the Great. • English kings directed the central government, but they relied on help from local governments, nobles, and church leaders. 30 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

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Understanding the Main Idea Why did the Romans have trouble ruling Britain? They could not win over the Celts. 32 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Understanding the Main Idea Why did Roman rule in Britain crumble during the 300 s A. D. ? It crumbled because Roman soldiers were called home to defend the empire’s borders against the Germanic invasions. 33 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Understanding the Main Idea What happened to Britain when the Roman legions left? It was gradually overrun by Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. 34 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Understanding the Main Idea What country became the major center of Celtic culture? Ireland became the major center of Celtic culture. 35 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Understanding the Main Idea Why did the Irish church turn to its abbots for leadership? It turned to them because Ireland lost contact with Rome and the Pope during the Germanic invasions. 36 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Understanding the Main Idea Why did Alfred the Great pay the Danes to leave England alone? Alfred the Great paid the Danes to leave England alone to gain time to build a stronger army. 37 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Understanding the Main Idea Why did the king set up local governments in England? The king set up local governments in England because the central government was too weak to govern the whole country. 38 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Understanding the Main Idea What were the duties of nobles? They had to attend the witenagemot, keep peace, and serve the king in war. 39 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Critical Thinking What effect did the Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire have on the history of England? They forced Roman soldiers to be called home, which allowed Angles, Saxons, and Jutes to overrun the island. 40 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Critical Thinking How did Ireland’s location affect the development of Celtic culture? Explain your answer. Its isolation allowed it to remain free of Germanic attacks. This allowed Celtic culture to develop. 41 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Critical Thinking Would you agree or disagree that the king had too much power in Anglo. Saxon England? Explain. Answers will vary. Support your reaction with examples. 42 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Critical Thinking What parts of an Anglo-Saxon noble’s life would you have liked? What parts would you not have liked? 43

Geography in History Movement Refer to the map on page 294 of your textbook, and determine the most direct route from Edinburgh to London. How far would a person using this route have to travel? How much farther would that person have to travel to meet with priests of the church in Canterbury? They would have to travel about 310 miles on the shortest route and about 55 miles to meet with the priests. 44 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Two Anglo-Saxon people were arguing. One said, “My family has been here since the Romans left the British Isles. That makes my family the oldest. ” The other replied, “My family has been here since the Celts fled to Ireland. ” Whose family history is the oldest? Both of these events occurred at about the same time so neither family is older. 45 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

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Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http: //www. humanheritage. glencoe. com 47

410 A. D. Romans legions leave Britain c. 700 A. D. Beowulf is written 597 A. D. Pope Gregory I sends monks from Rome to England 48 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. 835 A. D. Danes begin raiding England

Alfred the Great 849 A. D. – 899 A. D. Anglo-Saxon King Son of a Saxon king, Alfred led the resistance against Danish invaders. He made his kingdom the rallying point for other kingdoms, paving the way for the unification of England. In 886 A. D. , he captured London and was soon recognized as king of all England. One of his greatest achievements was the creation of a navy–the basis of England’s future strength as a nation. 49

The Book of Kells Irish monks produced one of the masterpieces of early Christian art–the Book of Kells, a beautifully illustrated version of the four gospels. The illuminated manuscript was done in the late 700 s. 50

Early History The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, begun in the reign of Alfred the Great, records events in England from the beginning of the Christian era to the middle of the 12 th century. It is the earliest known history of a European people written in the vernacular, or everyday spoken language. 51

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