Presentation Outline n n experimental program overview experimental

- Presentation Outline n n experimental program overview experimental highlights at RHIC/PHENIX ¨ initial n n phase oriented probes jets/high pt hadrons (production and subsequent suppression) open heavy flavors (production and subsequent energy loss) heavy quark states (production in color Debye screening) direct photon (prompt production; observed !) ¨ intermediate phase - quark dynamics (? ) ¨ final phase – hadronic observables n n prospects at RHIC/PHENIX and LHC/ALICE summary and concluding remarks September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 2

- Physics Goals of RHI Programs - asymptotic freedom n QCD in extreme conditions and/or scales ¨ high energy and/or nuclear density frontier n search for and characterize deconfined partonic phase n Bevalac/SIS/AGS/SPS to RHIC/LHC ¨ high density regime to high energy density regime ¨ reproduction of universe a few sec after big bang September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 3

- QCD in History of Universe 15 by 1 by September 29, 2004 birth of life: present galaxy and star formation 1012 s atom formation 102 s nucleo-synthesis 10 -6 s quark confinement anti-quark disappearance quark creation 10 -35 s inflationary era 0. 00 s big bang 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 4

- Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider - n n n 2 independent super-conducting rings 3. 83 km circumference AGS complex as injector up to 100 A Ge. V Au and/or 250 Ge. V (polarized) p 6 intersections; 4 complimentary experiments ¨ BRAHMS/PHENIX/PHOBOS/STAR September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 5

- Pioneering High Energy Nucl. Interaction Exp. n maximal set of probes and physics channels ¨ photons/electrons/muons/hadrons n high quality measurement ¨ good particle identification ¨ high 4 -momentum resolution ¨ wide kinematical coverage n access to rare processes ¨ high rate capability ¨ selective multi-level triggering September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 6

- PHENIX Physics Strategy n various signatures from essentially all time scales ¨ particular n n initial phase oriented and passing through deconfined phase ¨ high pt particles (jet, hadron, ) ¨ open heavy flavors (charm, beauty) ¨ heavy quark states (J/Y , Y’, ) ¨ prompt photons ( ) thermal phase oriented ¨ light vector mesons (f, w, r) ¨ thermal radiations ( , e+e-, + -) ¨ quark dynamics (flow) ¨ plus n emphasis on probes from early stages boundary conditions of dynamics hadronic phase oriented September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 7

run 01 02 year 2000 2001/02 03 2002/03 04 2003/04 September 29, 2004 species Au+Au p+p d+Au p+p Au+Au p+p since 2002/2003 2000 2001/2002 - RHIC/PHENIX Run History - s. NN 130 Ge. V 200 Ge. V 62 Ge. V 200 Ge. V Ldt 1 b-1 24 b-1 150 nb-1 2. 74 nb-1 350 nb-1 240 b-1 9 b-1 350 nb-1 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 8

- Collisions as Seen by PHENIX Central Arms Au+Au at s. NN = 200 Ge. V n d+Au at s. NN = 200 Ge. V ~ 5, 000 charged particles produced in a central Au+Au collision at s. NN = 200 Ge. V ¨ only September 29, 2004 few of them carrying early stage information 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 9

- Physics via Jets and High pt Particles n responsible particle production mechanisms ¨ soft n production at low pt thermally shaped ¨ hard n n n scattering at high pt binary collision scaling expected well calibrated probe of medium hard probes of partonic matter ¨ energy n n hadrons (jet) q q loss of scattered partons suppression of jets/high pt hadrons modification of angular correlation ¨ modification n leading particle of fragmentation hadrons (jet) leading particle changes of particle composition September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 10

- RHIC Year 1: Discovery - binary collision scaling extrapolated from -- data UA 1 p+p Au+Au at s. NN = 130 Ge. V PHENIX PRL 88, 022301 (2002) n high pt hadron suppression in central Au+Au September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 11

- Nuclear Modification Factor RAB - n in absence of nuclear effects ¨ RAB < 1 at low pt (soft physics regime) ¨ RAB = 1 at high pt (hard scattering regime) n “suppression” (enhancement, e. g. Cronin effect) ¨ RAB < 1 (> 1) at high pt September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 12

- RHIC Year 2: Improvement n RHIC at full energy ¨ s. NN n = 200 Ge. V higher statistics ¨ spectra n to higher pt reference p+p data Au+Au p 0+X at s. NN = 200 Ge. V PHENIX PRL 91, 072301 (2003) September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 13

- RHIC Year 3: Control - nucleus+nucleus n n proton/deuteron+nucleus cold nuclear matter effects quantified “initial” and “final” state effects distinguished ¨ “initial/final” with respect to “initial” partonic collisions ¨ “less jets created” versus “jets quenched” September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 14

- Contrary Behavior in Au+Au and d+Au - Au+Au at s. NN = 200 Ge. V PHENIX cf. PRL 91, 072303 (2003) n n d+Au h +X at s. NN = 200 Ge. V PHENIX cf. PRL 91, 072303 (2003) clearly different and opposite centrality evolution final state jet quenching in central Au+Au September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 15

- Jet Quenching Observation n most prominent signature of new phase of matter ¨ hot n n and dense matter with strong final state effects most likely what has been called “quark gluon plasma” (light) quark energy loss in final states ¨ dominated n by Bremsstrahlung, i. e. gluon radiation further tests (jet tomography) ¨ quantitative n understanding gluon density and temperature ¨ jet energy redistribution ¨ open heavy flavor spectra n less energy loss with heavier flavors ? September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 16

- Physics via Open Heavy Flavors n valuable probes of QCD dynamics in early stages ¨ production n primarily via gluon-gluon fusion initial gluon density ¨ reference of heavy quark states + continuum di-leptons ¨ energy loss via gluon radiation n cf. jet quenching via lighter quark energy loss ¨ additional n thermal charm production equation of state in thermal phase September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 17

- Open Heavy Flavors at RHIC/PHENIX n charm/beauty meson observables include: ¨ direct n n decay reconstruction e. g. D 0 K- + p+, B J/Y + X experimentally challenging e ¨ STAR D X measurement in d+Au ¨ cf. PHENIX vertex tracker upgrade plan ¨ semi-leptonic n n D Au decay contributions high. Au pt leptons D high-mass di-leptons B e- coincidence informative though indirect September 29, 2004 K p J/ X m m 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 18

- Open Heavy Flavors via Single Electrons n “background” electron sources ¨ photon conversion ¨ Dalitz decay of p 0, ’, f, w ¨ di-electron decay of f, w, r ¨ weak decay of K’s n heavy flavor electron extraction ¨ hadron cocktail method ¨ photon converter method n ref. M. Togawa, F. Kajihara, T. Tabaru, 29 a SH-12/13/14 September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 19

- Open Heavy Flavor in p+p at s = 200 Ge. V n fit with PYTHIA + 2 free parameters ¨ PYTHIA “standard” parameter set ¨ charm and beauty cross sections tuned n cc = 709 85 (stat) +332 -281 (sys) b p+p e at s = 200 Ge. V cf. PHENIX PRL 88, 192303 (2002) September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 20

- Open Heavy Flavors in d+Au n non-photonic electron spectrum in d+Au ¨ photon converter method ¨ scaled with number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions ¨ good agreement with p+p data d+Au e at s. NN = 200 Ge. V PHENIX preliminary September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 21

- Open Heavy Flavors in Au+Au n non-photonic electron spectrum in Au+Au ¨ photon converter method ¨ scaled with number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions ¨ good agreement with p+p data at least at low pt Au+Au e at s. NN = 200 Ge. V PHENIX submitted to PRL September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 22

- Centrality (In)dependence in Au+Au - Au+Au e at s. NN = 200 Ge. V PHENIX submitted to PRL September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 23

- Charm (Non-)Quenching ? n no indication of strong charm energy loss ¨ cf. n jet quenching with lighter quarks higher pt interesting; analyses in progress ¨ hadron cocktail method on Au+Au data ¨ high statistics Au+Au data (run 4) ¨ single in forward arms n promising probe of created fireball state September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 24

- Charm Production Cross Section - n consistent with s systematics and binary scaling ¨ agreement n n with NLO p. QCD within systematic errors cc = 420 33 (stat) 250 (sys) b at s. NN = 130 Ge. V cc = 622 57 (stat) 160 (sys) b in s. NN = 200 Ge. V ¨ direct September 29, 2004 reference for heavy quark states 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 25

- Physics via Heavy Quark States n n anticipated probes of deconfined partonic phase systematic studies required against uncertainties s. NN, rapidity, pt dependences ¨ initial state reference channels ¨ p+p/p(d)+A/A+A, n n n open heavy flavors (single leptons, continuum di-leptons) Drell-Yan (continuum di-leptons) prompt (single photons) ¨ J/Y n and families J/Y, Y’, (1 S), (2 S+3 S) ¨ more n n systematics (only with high statistics data) detailed centrality dependence feed down effect, e. g. p+p cc J/Y + September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 26

- J/Y in p+p at s = 200 Ge. V - p+p J/Y+X at s = 200 Ge. V PHENIX PRL 92, 051802 (2004) p+p J/Y+X at s = 200 Ge. V PHENIX preliminary n good agreement with: s data and phenomenological extrapolation ¨ color evaporation model ¨ lower September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 27

- J/Y in Au+Au Early Analysis (Run 2) 40 -90 % central Ncoll = 45 20 -40 % central Ncoll = 296 normal nuclear absorption 0 -20 % central Ncoll = 779 SPS NA 50 normalized to p+p point Au+Au J/Y e+e- at s. NN = 200 Ge. V PHENIX PRC 69, 014901 (2004) n improved statistics needed (coming), but already: ¨ inconsistent n with enhancement scenarios e. g. coalescence model, cf. PRC 63, 054905 (2001) September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 28

- J/Y in Au+Au Prospects (Run 4) n 240 b-1 recorded with improved detectors ¨~ 100 times more J/Y signals expected than in run 2 ¨ (massive) analysis started; first outputs available n ref. T. Gunji, 29 a SH-11 Au+Au J/Y e+e- at s. NN = 200 Ge. V PHENIX September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 29

- Physics via Prompt Direct Photons - n initial state parton distribution ¨ excellent n n control for initial state modifications gluon compton: half a di-“jet” without fragmentation annihilation Bremsstrahlung final state parton/jet radiation September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 30

- “Background” Hadronic Decay Photons n evaluated based on measured hadron spectra ¨ p 0 2 most significant ¨ first baseline: p 0 in p+p n n available up to pt ~ 12 Ge. V/c agreement with NLO p. QCD ¨ no intrinsic kt included ¨ also , ’, w, … n mt scaling assumed p+p p 0+X PHENIX PRL 91, 241803 (2003) September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 31

- Photon “Excess” in p+p at s = 200 Ge. V n “excess” ≡ “inclusive – decay ” / “decay ” ¨ i. e. n direct (= prompt + thermal) observed and agreed with NLO p. QCD calculation ¨ with CTEQ 6 gluon PDF and different scale factors p+p at s = 200 Ge. V PHENIX preliminary September 29, 2004 p+p at s = 200 Ge. V PHENIX preliminary cf. W. Vogelsang JHEP 9903, 025 (1999) 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 32

- PHENIX Direct Photon Progress n Au+Au data with “second-level” selective trigger ¨ p 0 n spectrum up to pt ~ 14 Ge. V/c improved analysis techniques n ref. K. Okada, T. Horaguchi/H. Torii, 27 p SH-1/2 and T. Isobe, 29 a SH-4 central 0 -10 % Au+Au +X at s. NN = 200 Ge. V PHENIX preliminary September 29, 2004 Au+Au p 0+X at s. NN = 200 Ge. V PHENIX PRL 91, 072301 (2003) PHENIX preliminary 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 33

- Photon “Excess” in Central Au+Au at s. NN = 200 Ge. V central 0 -10 % PHENIX preliminary Pb. Gl/Pb. Sc, new analysis Pb. Gl NLO p. QCD prompt calculation with measured p 0 suppression + uncertainties W. Vogelsang NLO p. QCD prompt calculation without p 0 suppression [ /p 0]measured/[ /p 0]background = measured/ background September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 34

- Photon “Excess” Centrality Dependence Au+Au at s. NN = 200 Ge. V 80 -92 70 -80 60 -70 50 -60 40 -50 30 -40 20 -30 10 -20 0 -10 % centrality PHENIX preliminary Pb. Gl/Pb. Sc NLO p. QCD prompt calculation with measured p 0 suppression W. Vogelsang [ /p 0]measured/[ /p 0]background = measured/ background September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 35

- Prompt Photon Observation n n p+p result consistent with p. QCD calculation photon “excess” observed in (central) Au+Au ¨ more n “excess” with increasing centrality Au+Au data consistent with high pt hadron (p 0) suppression ¨ unsuppressed p. QCD calculation with binary scaling ¨ measured n physics + calibrator + sensitivity ¨ no photon suppression; no initial process modification ¨ control complement for very high pt hadron suppression ¨ vital baseline for thermal photon measurement September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 36

- Physics via Thermal Photons n direct probe of thermal phase ¨ severe n ¨ cf. n n n decay and prompt photon background possible pt window at 3 -4 Ge. V/c at RHIC ? thermal di-leptons possible mass window at 1 -2 Ge. V/c 2 at RHIC experimentally challenging due to limited S/B ratios ¨ prime goal of PHENIX future upgrade light vector mesons (f, w, r) probes of chiral symmetry restoration ¨ changes in masses, widths, branching ratios analyses in progress on Au+Au/d+Au/p+p data ref. Y. Tsuchimoto/Y. Akiba, 29 a SH-9 September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 37

- Thermal Photon Expectations at RHIC/LHC - n n may remain relatively unexplored even after RHIC “QGP” contribution dominance at LHC September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 38

- Direct (Prompt + Thermal) Photons at LHC - direct (= +jet ) in ALICE EMCal in a LHC Pb+Pb run I. Vitev, M. Gyulassy PRL 89, 252301 (2002) n even more powerful probe at LHC ¨ enhanced direct/decay ratio due to jet quenching ¨ large prompt photon rate up to ~ 100 Ge. V/c September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 39

- CERN LHC n next generation relativistic hadron collider ¨ former LEP tunnel ¨ 27 km circumference ¨ up to 2. 8 A Te. V Pb n heavy ion physics goals ¨ to settle QCD phase transition search ¨ deconfined partonic matter characterization n QGP factory ? September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 40

- LHC Status and Plan n accelerator steadily on its way ¨ startup n n in 2007 confirmed in 2004 CERN council p+p commissioning in April 2007 heavy ion pilot run by end of 2007 wish list as of June 2002 ¨ initial n n few years regular p+p runs at s = 14 Te. V, L ~ 1029 and < 3 1030 cm-2 s-1 2 - 3 years of Pb+Pb at L ~ 1027 cm-2 s-1 1 year of p/d/a+Pb at L ~ 1029 cm-2 s-1 1 year of light ions at L ~ few 1027 - 1029 cm-2 s-1 September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 41

- LHC Experiments - n 4 experiments; only 1 heavy ion dedicated ¨ dedicated heavy ion experiment: ALICE ¨ p+p experiment with heavy ion programs: CMS ¨ p+p experiment considering heavy ion: ATLAS September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 42

- ALICE Physics Goals and Strategies n to cover in single experiment what is by 4 at RHIC (and by several at SPS and AGS) ¨ multiplicities; rapidity distributions; flows; particle spectra and ratios; jet quenching; di-leptons; direct photons; heavy flavors; fluctuations; correlations; … n versatility with variety of techniques ¨ wide acceptance and momentum coverage; accessibility to photons/electrons/muons/hadrons; excellent granularity; secondary vertex reconstruction capability; selective triggering; … September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 43

- ALICE Setup - ITS PMD TOF HMPID TRD TPC MUON SPEC. PHOS FMD September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 44

- ALICE Photon Spectrometer - PHOS: high-granularity high-resolution photon spectrometer • Pb. WO 4 crystals of 2. 2 cm 2 at 5 m • |h| < 0. 5, Df ~ 100 degrees • photons and neutral mesons • -jet tagging September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 45

- Photon Measurement in ALICE n photon spectrometer (PHOS) ¨ high granularity high resolution Pb. WO 4 calorimeter ¨ pt up to ~ 100 Ge. V/c n photons and neutral mesons without high pt trigger Inclusive g: Direct + p 0 Direct g with high pt trigger Inclusive g: Direct +p 0 Direct g September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 46

- PHOS Activities in Japan n avalanche photo-diode readout development ¨ advantages n n n magnetic field resistance compactness low power consumption ¨ readout n n over conventional PMT readout chain R&D completed; pre-production started APD + pre-amplifiers + shaping amplifiers Pb. WO 4 crystal and PHOS prototype tests ¨ at Hiroshima-REFER, KEK-PS, Tohoku-LNS ¨ ~ 3 % / E [Ge. V] stochastic resolution achieved September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 47

- KEK-PS T 564 (16 -23 June, 2004) n prototype with real ALICE-PHOS components ¨ successful operation of APD readout with Peltier cooler ¨ consistent results with CERN-PS/SPS beam tests n ref. H. Sakata, 29 p SA-16 September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 48

- Physics Chance at RHIC n Pb. WO 4 array (e. g. ALICE-PHOS) at RHIC ? ¨ no fine granule electro-magnetic calorimeter present ¨ powerful tool for direct photons and di-photons ¨ n. b. not presently in PHENIX future plan GEANT 4 simulation Pb. WO 4 Photon Spectrometer coverage: 1 m× 1 m crystal size: 20× 200 mm 3 array size: 50× 50 distance from IP: 3 m coverage: 0. 17 September 29, 2004 invariant mass [Me. V/c 2] 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 49

- Summary n more than enough RHIC/PHENIX experimental highlights for a talk (or even a half-day symposium) ¨ jet n (high pt hadron) quenching established beloved manifest of “quark gluon plasma” ¨ open charm and beauty measurement n further revealing state of fireball blooming quark states (J/Y, Y’, ) under eager look; light vector mesons (f, w, r), too ¨ heavy n n anticipated as another “proof” of deconfined partonic phase high statistics Au+Au data (run 4) in hand ¨ prompt photons observed in Au+Au at RHIC/PHENIX n no suppression; no initial parton distribution modification n excellent reference for very high pt hadron suppression n baseline for upcoming thermal photon measurement September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 (!) 50

- Concluding Remarks n n RHIC/PHENIX presenting extremely rich harvest long awaited discovery almost in hand ¨ hard n process oriented probes having played major roles e. g. first manifest of “QGP” via jet quenching ¨ thermal n n n phase oriented probes jumping in direct probes of “QGP” high statistics Au+Au data (run 4) analyses in progress RHIC/PHENIX upgrades under R&D/construction + LHC/ALICE starting in 3 years QCD at high energy density frontier into new stage ¨ search for “quark gluon plasma” nearing its end ¨ interesting “act 2” anticipated (and coming soon) September 29, 2004 初期パートン衝突起源の現象とパートン非束縛系生成の予兆／志垣賢太 51