PRESENTATION FRAMEWORK Presentation of BD Parcellaire The French

PRESENTATION FRAMEWORK Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • PRESENTATION OF THE FRENCH CADASTRE • BD PARCELLAIRE® HISTORICAL REVIEW • TECHNICAL ASPECTS • Outlooks • OUTLOOKS January 2002 1/44

CADASTRE DEFINITIONS Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks • Official and updated system of real estate management ; the basic unit is the parcel, which is geographically marked and linked to documentation on land property and interests • Documentation : – large scale map (parcels representation) – literal documentation describing the rights associated to the parcel • The system to carry out and updated this documentation January 2002 2/44

CADASTRE MISSIONS Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks • technical and documentary – – cadastral map production and updating digitizing of cadastral map large scale surveys documentation availability : consultation, diffusion • land-related – property identification (parcel number, lot number) – property description • fiscal January 2002 3/44 – taxable properties registration – identification of property taxpayer – property valuation

THE FRENCH CADASTRE HISTORICAL REVIEW Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks • Before the French Revolution : – fiscal role – great heterogeneity regarding to regions and time : • presence of a cadastral registrer • quality of the cadastral registrer • kind of taxes • The French Revolution : political will but lack of means – vote of a one land property tax – adoption of the metric system – attempted setting up of a standardized cadastral registrer January 2002 4/44

THE FRENCH CADASTRE HISTORICAL REVIEW Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks • Founding of the Cadastre : – – Act of Septembre 15 th 1807 Napoleonic cadastre completed during the first part of the XIX century use of local referential • The Napoleonic cadastre deficiencies : January 2002 5/44 – errors – updating has not been planned – big changes in land properties during the XIX century (urbanization, industrialization, …)

THE FRENCH CADASTRE HISTORICAL REVIEW Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Renovation of the Cadastre – Act of April 16 th 1930 – involves the whole French territory – 3 methods : • updating : the old cadastral registrer is kept (rural areas) • new cadastral registrer • redoing : new cadastral registrer with property delimitations in the presence of the parties involved (urban areas) • Outlooks January 2002 6/44

THE FRENCH CADASTRE HISTORICAL REVIEW Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks January 2002 7/44 • 1948 : the property tax becomes a local tax • land re-allocations • 1955 : reform of land publicity (accordance of cadastral registrer and mortgage registrer) • 1970 : latest general updating of built properties valuation • 1974 : Act on cadastral registrer revision • technical evolutions : – miniaturization and digitizing of literal documentation – photogrammetry – use of GPS

THE FRENCH CADASTRE CADASTRAL MAP Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks • Cadastral subdivisions : – – – administrative district : setting-up unit section subdivision of section (sheet) parcel fiscal subdivision • Composition : – sheet index – one map sheet per section or subdivision of section January 2002 8/44

THE FRENCH CADASTRE CADASTRAL MAP Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks January 2002 9/44 • one only format for section maps : « grand aigle » – various scales – heterogeneous quality – various orientation • map is exclusively planimetric • represented features : – parcel boundaries (physical and legal) – parcel and number (unicity of the parcel number), occasionally fiscal subdivision – buildings – topographic features – toponyms (place names, road numbers, …)

THE FRENCH CADASTRE CADASTRAL MAP : PRODUCTION PROCESSES Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks January 2002 10/44 • Updating : Napoleonic cadastral map 50 % of the territory (rural areas) • New cadastral registrer : completely new regular map 30 % of the territory • Redoing : completely new regular map property delimitations in the presence of the parties involved 20% of the territory (urban areas) Act of 1930 on the Cadastre renovation

THE FRENCH CADASTRE CADASTRAL MAP : PRODUCTION PROCESSES Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Revision : – new cadastral map, modern methods (photogrammetry) – in case of a defective cadastral map (ex : scale is too small) – recently urbanized areas • Historical review • Technical aspects • Land re-allocation : – mainly rural areas (agricultural) – land reorganization (grouping of land properties) – carried out by land surveyors (boundary marking) • Outlooks • Special case of Alsace-Moselle January 2002 11/44 – historical context (German occupation from 1870 to 1918) – overall boundary marking

THE FRENCH CADASTRE CADASTRAL MAP : PRODUCTION PROCESSES Presentation of BD Parcellaire® Updating • The French Cadastre • Historical review New Redoing Reallocation Revision 1: 500, 1: 1000, 1: 2000, 1: 4000 Scale 1: 625, 1: 1250, 1: 2500, 1: 5000 1: 500, 1: 1000, 1: 2000, 1: 4000 Section A 1, A 2, Bu AB, AC, BC • Technical aspects • Outlooks January 2002 12/44 Reference system local Quality poor AB, AC, BC local or Lambert by zone medium rather good ZA, ZB, ZC Lambert by zone good AB, AC, BC Lambert by zone good

THE FRENCH CADASTRE CADASTRAL MAP : UPDATING Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks • Land-surveying documents : – – – carried out by land surveyors from existing cadastral map on landowner request parcel division, land subdivision, boundary marking attribution of new parcel numbers • Registry sketches : January 2002 13/44 – carried out by Cadastre surveyors (DGI : Central tax office, Ministry of Finance) – mainly buildings – annual updating (theoretically)

THE FRENCH CADASTRE CADASTRAL MAP : REVISION Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Local decree (information of the population) • Setting up of new section boundaries • Aerial survey (usually 1: 4000 scale for a cadastral map at 1: 1000 scale) • Stereopreparation : • Technical aspects – pre-marking – use of GPS • Outlooks • • • January 2002 14/44 Stereoplotting (photogrammetry) Field completion (roof edges, toponyms, boundaries, …) Legal search (allocation and grouping of parcels) Production of the new cadastral map (content, parcel numbers, …) Diffusion of the results

THE FRENCH CADASTRE LITERAL DOCUMENTATION Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Paper documents (sources) – – declarations land surveying documents, registry sketches administrative act certificates descriptions of land division • Technical aspects • Microfiches (property titles, list of parcels, premises register, • Outlooks properties by lot) • Digital database : MAJIC 2 (since 1991) January 2002 15/44 – – file of built properties file of unbuilt properties file of landowners file of addresses (FANTOIR)

THE FRENCH CADASTRE CADASTRAL MAP DIGITIZING Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks • Need of local administrations, network management companies, … • Agreements with DGI (Central tax office) (from 1993 to 1998) – DGI provides updated data and pays 30% – DGI enforces specifications (TOR) – the other partners pay the remaining 70 % • Standardized product = PCI (Digital cadastral map) • Technical problems : – georeferencing in Lambert system ( « lambertization » ) – merging • Since 1998, agreements with DGI go on but without funding from DGI January 2002 16/44

THE FRENCH CADASTRE Departments fully covered by vector PCI (agreement with DGI) Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks Districts with vector PCI January 2002 17/44 36 565 districts Date : Dec. 2001

THE FRENCH CADASTRE CADASTRAL MAP DIGITIZING Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • about 6 800 districts involved in cadastral map digitizing (PCI), through agreements with DGI : – about 3, 500 agreements – about 2, 000 certifications by DGI – about 1, 300 integrations in vector PCI December 2001 • standardized digital cadastral map is available for about 19 % of the territory and 50 % of the population • some digital cadastral maps have been completed without DGI agreement (ex : Paris) • Outlooks January 2002 18/44

BD Parcellaire® HISTORICAL REVIEW Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks • overall cadastral map digitizing : – a decision from DGI (Central tax office) in 1998 – scanning of the whole 500, 000 cadastral maps raster PCI – 3 invitations to tender in 1999 : • scanner • software for creation of parcel identifiers (ponctual object) (automatic text recognition, …) • software for management and updating of scanned section maps January 2002 19/44 – scanner has been bought but the 2 other invitations to tender have been cancelled. . .

BD Parcellaire® HISTORICAL REVIEW Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks January 2002 20/44 • Preliminary study for the production of a cadastral database : – carried out in IGN from October 1998 to July 1999 – objectives : • taking stock of the situation (quality of cadastral maps, research, …) • scanning specifications and assessment • tests of georeferencing • geometric rectification of the cadastral maps • vectorization and database integration

BD Parcellaire® HISTORICAL REVIEW Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks • Preliminary study for the production of a cadastral database : – technical recommendations : • to use BD ORTHO® + BD TOPO® as a reference for data matching • to use transformations without geometric deformation (Helmert) for georeferencing, if possible • otherwise to use transformations with geometric deformations (rubberband adjustment, triangulation) – study of other aspects of the problem : January 2002 21/44 • economical, legal, social (respective tasks of IGN and DGI, and consequences for both staffs)

BD Parcellaire® HISTORICAL REVIEW : PRELIMINARY STUDY Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks January 2002 22/44

BD Parcellaire® HISTORICAL REVIEW • IGN decisions Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre – 2 types of BD Parcellaire® • vector data where digital cadastral maps have been carried out in the scope of agreements with the DGI • raster data elsewhere • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks – 3 stages : studies and design of models (2000 -01) • production on pilote areas of Greater Paris (early 2002) • production on the whole territory – objective : BD Parcellaire® must be coherent with BD TOPO® and BD ORTHO® (the 3 products being parts of the national large scale reference system : RGE) January 2002 23/44 – setting up of a technical support staff

BD Parcellaire® HISTORICAL REVIEW Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review èThe Lengagne report * l need of a cadastral layer in RGE (national large scale reference system) : BD Parcellaire® • Technical aspects • Outlooks * In 2000, MP Guy Lengagne conducted a study that enables January 2002 24/44 to clarify the needs of geographic information in France ; following his recommendations, an interministerial decision in September 2001 set up the creation of a large scale reference system for the whole French territory (RGE), composed of 4 compatible databases (topographic, orthophotographic, cadastral and addresses) and planned to be completed by 2006 -07

BD Parcellaire® HISTORICAL REVIEW Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks January 2002 25/44 • DGI* situation – scanning tests in 1999 but no software for updating scanning is postponed – software for updating has been chosen recently (APIC) – a software for creation of parcel identifiers is in the process of invitation to tender – software acceptance, training, production set-up – scanning is planned from September 2002 to the end of 2003 – agreements for vector PCI (digital cadastral map) go on * DGI : Central tax office, Ministry of Finance

BD Parcellaire® HISTORICAL REVIEW Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • agreement between IGN and DGI (Feb. 2001) – DGI supplies to IGN : • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks • images (scanned cadastral maps) • parcel identifiers (referenced with image coordinates) – IGN supplies to DGI : • georeferencing of the scanned cadastral maps • BD ORTHO® January 2002 26/44

BD Parcellaire® TECHNICAL ASPECTS : PRODUCTS Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks • BD Parcellaire® - PCV (Plan Cadastral Vecteur) (vector database) : – parcels – cadastral divisions (sections, subdivisions of section) – buildings • BD Parcellaire® - SCAN (raster database) : January 2002 27/44 – – – georeferenced images (1 km square tiles) parcel identifiers cadastral divisions administrative districts metadata

BD Parcellaire® TECHNICAL ASPECTS : SCANNING (DGI) Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks • • 300 dpi in grey levels threshold black and white image 1 file per cadastral map 24 characters for file name (information on district, section, scale, quality, …) • packbit coding (1 byte enables to code 8 pixels) • TIFF format • one cadastral map : – from 1 to 1. 5 Mb – about 9, 000 x 12, 000 pixels January 2002 28/44

BD Parcellaire® TECHNICAL ASPECTS : BD ORTHO® REFERENCE Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • current BD ORTHO® : – use of existing DTMs : • BD TOPO® (accuracy from 2. 5 to 5 m) • BD ALTI® (accuracy from 2. 5 to 20 m) – use of existing Ground Control Points (GCP) : BD ORTHO® accuracy from 1 to 10 m (EMQ) (checking : from 1 to 4 m) • from recent or old field surveys • Outlooks • BD ORTHO® release 2 : January 2002 29/44 – – from 2003 improvement of DTMs gradual use of digital camera (longer focal) same planning as BD TOPO® Pays specific GCPs BD ORTHO® accuracy from 1 to 2 m

BD Parcellaire® TECHNICAL ASPECTS : BD Parcellaire®-SCAN PRODUCTION PROCESS Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • for each cadastral map : • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks – main zone extraction – orientation (using the North arrow) – scaling • map assembling within the district boundaries (coming from BD CARTO®) approximate georeferencing : about 20 m January 2002 30/44

BD Parcellaire® Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks January 2002 31/44 • 500, 000 « grand-aigle » -format cadastral maps • orientation variation • scale variation : from 1: 625 to 1: 5000 • zoom developments • various quality and appearance • no geographic grid system (usually) TECHNICAL ASPECTS : PROBLEM DEFINTION

BD Parcellaire® TECHNICAL ASPECTS : BD Parcellaire®-SCAN PRODUCTION PROCESS Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks January 2002 32/44 • Main zone extraction

BD Parcellaire® Map orientation h Presentation of BD Parcellaire® l S • The French Cadastre L • Historical review • Technical aspects • Definition of a parametric North arrow model • Outlooks • Conformity on every connected component on the map January 2002 33/44 • Model refinement and symmetry axis extraction

BD Parcellaire® PUZZLE RESOLUTION Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • Main zone • The French Cadastre • Map orientation extraction • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks January 2002 34/44 • Merging of the components of the whole district Administrative layer from BDCarto

BD Parcellaire® TECHNICAL ASPECTS : BD Parcellaire®-SCAN PRODUCTION PROCESS Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • section maps with grid system (Lambert) : – automatic recognition of ticks – tick matching • Outlooks • section maps without grid system : January 2002 35/44 – automatic recognition of homologous segments between the scanned section map (raster) and BD ORTHO® – computation of the best overall transformation Accurate georeferencing of cadastral maps

BD Parcellaire® Extraction of cadastral boundaries Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre Vectorization Chaining • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks Lenght threshold January 2002 36/44

BD Parcellaire® Automatic recognition of homologous segments within images Presentation of BD Parcellaire® BD ORTHO® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks scanned cadastral map (raster) January 2002 37/44

BD Parcellaire® Segments matching Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • for each segment, a set of potential homologous segments is available T(B) • The French Cadastre B • Historical review • Technical aspects T(A) • Outlooks A • search of the mathematic transformation (T) that enables to match at the best the greatest number of segments January 2002 38/44

BD Parcellaire® TECHNICAL ASPECTS : BD Parcellaire®-SCAN PRODUCTION PROCESS Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks • section maps assembling : with manual operations if necessary • consistency checking using BD TOPO® network ; otherwise adjustment by triangulation • specific operations (zoom developments, …) • transformations are applied to parcel identifiers along the process January 2002 39/44

BD Parcellaire® Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review TECHNICAL ASPECTS : BD Parcellaire®-PCV (vector) PRODUCTION PROCESS • selection of buildings and parcels from files in EDIGEO data format (after digitizing) • Technical aspects • Outlooks • section maps assembling, consistency checking using BD TOPO® network • data format transformation for diffusion, projection transformation if necessary January 2002 40/44

BD Parcellaire® TECHNICAL ASPECTS : UPDATING Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks • BD Parcellaire® SCAN : – scanning for the creation of the raster PCI (digital cadastral map) only – DGI updates the raster PCI (vector updating over the raster PCI, then merging of the vector layer within the raster file) – IGN stores all the transformations that have been applied to each section map, and thus can apply them again after updating • BD Parcellaire® PCV : January 2002 41/44 – DGI updates vector PCI – IGN applies again the transformations to the new data

BD Parcellaire® OUTLOOKS Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks • invitation to tender for a software dedicated to BD parcellaire® production : – algorithms from MATIS * research laboratory (puzzle, georeferencing, . . . ) are provided for free by IGN – several options are possible • production : – 25 % carried out by IGN – 75 % carried out by subcontractors • end is planned by 2007 on the whole territory (including overseas departments) January 2002 42/44 * MATIS : Méthodes d ’Analyse et de Traitement d ’Images pour la Stéréorestitution (Image analysis and processing for stereoplotting)

BD Parcellaire® OUTLOOKS : RECENT FACTS Presentation of BD Parcellaire® • The French Cadastre • Historical review • Technical aspects • Outlooks January 2002 43/44 • BD parcellaire® specifications : under the process of validation by CNIG (National Commitee for Geographic Information ) • TOR (Terms of reference) for the software dedicated to BD Parcellaire® production : under the process of being written • Georeferencing tests in cooperation with DGI • Software from MATIS research laboratory : under the process of being tested in production • Vector BD Parcellaire® on Greater Paris : completed by the end of 2002 (database integration of vector PCI on 85 districts) • Launching the production of raster BD Parcellaire® before the end of 2002 (scanning is planned to start in DGI in November)