Presentation by John Bosco Baguri Sumani UDS Wa
Presentation by John Bosco Baguri Sumani UDS Wa Campus During the a GGA/GGTA Conference at KNUST from 1 -4 th August, 2012
Presentation Outline Ø Introduction Ø Brief Literature Review Ø Problem statement Ø Study objectives Ø Study area and methodology Ø Results Ø Conclusion and Recommendations Ø References
Introduction Ø Successive gov’ts have initiated policies, programs, plans and initiatives to manage out-migration since independence Ø Literature surveyed revealed that outmigration has been increasing in the Upper West Region Ø Factors accounting for migration is a subject of debate (Suhrke, 1993, Akokpari, 1998; Perch. Nielson, 2004; Mcleman and Smit, 2006)
Brief Literature survey • Migration as a developmental challenge (Davidson et al (2003 and Mcleman and Smit, 2006) • No agreement on causes of migration (suhrke, 1993 ; Akokpari, 1998 and Perch-Nielson, 2004) • Neo-classical views dominate (Massey, 1993) • Environmental degradation is often mentioned as physical factors (Suhrke, 1993; Bilsboro, 1991) • Climate is hardly mentioned or only mentioned tangentially (Perch-Nielsen, 2004) • Hence the design of this
Problem statement Ø Nadowli District has been experiencing outmigration since its creations Ø Reasons for migration: Ø Economic Ø Socio- cultural Ø Population pressure Ø Conflicts/wars Ø Environmental conditions hardly mentioned Ø Environment-migration relations at the general level without disaggregating the various factors
• However, climatic variables are indispensable resources for agric productivity and production Climate variability/change has been blame elsewhere for migration (Adelekan and Afolayan, 1999; Magadza, 2000; Meze. Hausken, 2000 and Mcleman and Smit, 2006) • Hence, this study was designed to determine the influence of climate variability on human migration
Study objectives • Main objective i. To find out the influence of climate variability on human migration in Nadowli District • Specific objectives: i. Climatic (key variables) trends over the years ii. Causes of migration
iii The relationships between climatic trends and migration iv The relationship between migration and sex v The relationship between migration and age, and finally vi The socio-economic effects of out-migration on the source region
Study Approach and Methodology • The study area is Nadowli District • Data sources i. Primary ii. Secondary • Sampling techniques Ø Non-Probability i. Purposive ( GMA and Returned migrants)
• Probability sampling i. Cluster sampling (3 clusters) ii. Western- Sankana & Charikpong; Central- Duong & Daffiamah and Eastern- Naro & Fian iii. Systematic sampling (25 hh in each c’ty)- sample size of 150 • Data collection instruments: i. Questionnaire administration ii. Face –to- interviews iii. FGD
Conceptual Framework • Climate and migration variables are difficult to bring under 1 framework (Perch-Nielson , 2004 and Mcleman and Smit, 2006) • This study modified Mcleman and Smit (2006) model with ideas from Meze-Hausken (2000) and Perch-Nielson (2004) • According to Mcleman and Smit, V=f(Eslit +ACslit)
Conceptual framework in response to climate variability Causes of migration Economic Socio-cultural Modified C’ties: . Previous members Return migrants Environmental Population Climate variability Conflict/wars Climatic conditions Agric performance No, Out-migration Perceived favourable destination Hsehold decision Can cope? Seasonal Yes, no migration Permanent
Results
Community Description of Temperature
Rain Days
Community description of rainfall
Causes of migration 30 27 25 25 20 17 16 % 15 15 Series 1 10 5 0 Climate variability Conflicts/wars Economic Land degradation Socio-cultural
Destination of migrants 10 7 51 102 36 Upper West Region Northern Region Brong Ahofo Region Ashanti Region Eastern Region Outside Ghana 161
Duration of migrants? 300 247 250 200 156 1991 -2000 150 2001 -2010 120 100 50 50 24 0 0 0 No migration 0 1 -12 months > 12 months I don't know
Sex of migrants 285 300 250 200 167 150 1991 -2000 100 2001 2010 82 63 50 0 Migrant sex Male Female
Socio-economic effect of migration
Conclusion • Over 90% of the people of the study area are peasant farmers and therefore climatedependent • Climate variability is the major cause of outmigration in the Nadowli District • Out-migration is the last resort • There is an inverse relationship between MAR and MAT
• Climate- induced migration is affects men decision to migrate than women • There is an emerging pattern and trend of migration (destination and duration) • Out-migration is generally beneficial with minor negative consequences
Recommedations 1. Vigorous public education on adaptation and mitigation strategies 2. Construction of irrigation dams/dug outs 3. Provision of improved seeds and crop varieties 4. Provision of micro-credits to peasant farmers, especially women 5. Cultivation of non-traditional crops and livestock rearing
6. Improved climate prediction and weather forecasting 7. Formulation and implementation of migration policy
References • Abdul-Korah, G. B. (2007). ‘Where is not home? ’: Dagaaba migrants in the Brong Ahafo Region, 1980 to the present. African Affairs, 106, 71 -94. • Adelekan, I. O. & Afolayan, A. (1999). The role of climatic variations on migration and human health in Africa. The Environmentalist, 18(4), 213 -218.
• Adiku, S. G. K. , Dayananda, P. W. A. , Rose, C. W. & Dowuona, G. N. N. (1997). An analysis of the within-season rainfall characteristics and simulation of the daily rainfall in two savanna zones in Ghana. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 86, 51 -62. • Akokpari, J. K. , (1998). The State, refugees and migration in Sub-Saharan Africa. International migration, 36, 211 -234.
• Mc. Leman, R. and Smit, B. (2006). Migration as an adaptation to climate change. Climatic Change, 76, 31 -53. • Nabila, J. S. (1974). The migration of the Frafra of northern Ghana: A case study of cyclical labor migration in West Africa. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
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