Present and Perfect Subjunctive active and passive voice

Present and Perfect Subjunctive: active and passive voice Result Clauses Sequence of tenses

Present Subjunctive • The key to remembering how to form present subjunctive is this mnemonic device: She wears a diamond tiara. 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 3 IO 4 th These are the vowel changes you will need to remember

Present Subjunctive Notice the difference between present indicative and present subjunctive in these 3 rd singular active forms Indicative parat habet mittit iacit audit Subjunctive par. Et hab. EAt mitt. At iac. IAt aud. IAt she wears a diamond tiara The same vowel change applies to present passive forms as well. par. Etur, hab. EAtur, mitt. Atur, iac. IAtur, aud. IAtur

Perfect Active Subjunctive As with perfect active indicative, take the 3 rd principal part, drop the “i”, and add the appropriate endings. o paravo habuo miso ieco audiv. The new endings resemble the future perfect active indicative endings, so be careful! -erim, -eris, -erit, -erimus, -eritis, -erint

Perfect Passive Subjunctive As with perfect passive indicative, this verb is two words: the 4 th principal part (perfect passive participle) and the present form of the verb “to be” (in this case, the present subjunctive form) n n n paratus/a sim, paratus/a sis, paratus/a/um sit habitus/a sim, habitus/a sis, habitus/a/um sit missus/a sim, missus/a sis, missus/a/um sit iactus/a sim, iactus/a sis, iactus/a/um sit auditus/a sim, auditus/a sis, auditus/a/um sit NB: plural forms follow the same pattern. Remember to make the participle plural!!!

Result Clauses Sextus responded to his teacher in such a way that he was sent home. What was the result of Sextus’ response to his teacher? He was sent home! Results of actions are expressed with a subordinate (dependent) subjuctive clause in Latin.

How will I know if I need a subjunctive result clause? There are two clues: n n In the main (independent) clause there will be a “so” word: adeo, ita, sic, talis, tam, tantus, tantum, tot (either an adjective or an adverb) Ut, meaning that/so that, or ut…non, meaning so that…not, will introduce the clause

Examples Can you give a result of these situations? He was so fat that…. I laughed so hard that…. The test was so difficult that… There were so many things to do that… The candidate spoke in such a way that… In Latin, the results would be expressed with a subjunctive result clause

Results In Latin • Ego tantum ridebat ut lacrimarem. • I laughed so much that I cried.

How do I know which tense I should use in a subjunctive clause? Sequence of Tenses

Primary Sequence • The main (independent clause) indicative verb is – Present – Future perfect • The subordinate (dependent) subjunctive clause must be either – Present (if the action is on-going at SAME TIME or AFTER the main verb) – Perfect (if the action is complete or happened BEFORE the main verb)

Secondary Sequence • The main (independent clause) indicative verb is – Imperfect – Pluperfect • The subordinate (dependent) subjunctive clause must be either – Imperfect (if the action is on-going at SAME TIME or AFTER the main verb) – Pluperfect (if the action is complete or happened BEFORE the main verb)

Result Clause exceptions • In a primary sequence, results occur AFTER the main verb, so present subjunctive is used. • In a secondary sequence there can be two kinds of results: – An anticipated or logical result (use imperfect subjunctive) – An actual result (use perfect subjunctive even though this normally does not apply to a secondary sequence-this is the exception)

Result sequences • Anticipated/logical result. – Ego tantum ridebat ut lacrimarem. – I laughed so much that I (might have) cried. • Actual result – Ego tantum ridebat ut lacrimaverim. – I laughed so much that I (have) cried.