Prepositions and postpositions Prepositions preposition noun English count

Prepositions and postpositions Prepositions: preposition – noun. English: count for me prep noun Postpositions: noun – postposition. Witsuwit’en: [s- pe c’o t w] me for you (sg. ) count noun postposition ‘count for me’

Affixation to postpositions [spe] ‘for me’ [mpe] ‘for you (sg. )’ [n xwpe] ‘for us, you (pl. )’ [p pe] ‘for him, her, it’ [h p pe] ‘for them’

Morphological analysis -pe ‘for’ s- ‘me’ m- ‘you (sg. )’ n xw- ‘us, you (pl. )’ p - ‘him, her, it’ h p - ‘them’

Morphological analysis (revised) Prefixes to nouns/postpositions: 1 person sg s- pl 2 person n/m- n xw- 3 person p - h p -

Affixation to verbs n Unusual features n § Position class morphology: (prefix order restrictions) prefix-prefix-. . . -verb root-suffix Discontinuous morphemes

Some verbs (dictionary entry) -jin 'sg. /du. stand' n -tseq ‘be lightweight’ n - as ‘du. /group goes, walks n n O-u-jin ‘pick O (berries) while stationary’

Some verbs (actual words) Minimally: dictionary form of verb+‘tense’ n [sa n a] ‘the sun/moon is going’ n sa ‘sun, moon’ n - a 'sun, moon goes' n n - continuative (‘round-trip’) n n [sa i a ] ‘the sun/moon is moving' n i-. . . - progressive

Position class morphology Verb prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject – qualifier – tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense [sa i a ] ‘the sun/moon is moving' i- tense + - a root + - tense

Some more verb words 1. [t ci ujin] 'he/she is picking huckleberries' O-u-jin 'pick O (berries) while stationary‘ O(object required) - imperfective u - jin qualifier –root (tense position) 0 / u ___ Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject – qualifier – tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense

2. [c'ojin]'he/she is picking' c'- unspecified object (pronominal object/subject position) (c’ + u c’o) Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject – qualifier – tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense

6. [wec'onth zisjit ] things)‘ 'I won't pick (round thfuture (qualifier position) i(tense position) - (tense position) / + / t /n/ 0 / ___ C]syllable Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject – qualifier – tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense

Morphological structure 'I'm not going to pick (round) things' negative round 1 sg. subject [we- c‘- o- n- th- [ ] z- i- s- ji -t ] unspecified object ‘pick (berries) while stationary’ future -