Prepositional and Phrasal Verbs Prepositional Verbs Iza ovih

Prepositional and Phrasal Verbs

Prepositional Verbs �Iza ovih glagola uvek sledi predlog, a iza predloga imenica ili zamenica, koja ima funkciju objekta. Prema tome, svi glagoli sa predlozima su prelazni (transitive). �Objekat uvek mora da sledi predlog: �I’ll be waiting for you at the crossroads. �*I’ll be waiting you for at the crossroads.

�Predlog se obično ne razdvaja od glagola i uvek ga sledi, osim u nekim slučajevima. Glagol i predlog mogu se razdvojiti nekim prilogom: �He looked closely at the photograph. �U odnosnim rečenicama, predlog se može naći ispred odnosne zamenice: �The photograph at which he was looking was very old. �U upitnim rečenicama, predlozi se obično nalaze na kraju: �Who were you waiting for?

�Neki glagoli mogu da se kombinuju sa više različitih predloga, pri čemu im se značenje menja: �Sarah was looking at the pictures on the walls. �Somebody will have to look after the kids while we’re out. (= take care of) �David’s looking for his keys. He’s always losing them. (= search for) �The police are looking into the bank robbery. (= investigate)

About, of, to � 1) About: ask, complain, dream, hear, know, learn, talk, think, wonder, i drugi. �David complained about the noise to the hotel manager. �Sarah was thinking about finding another job. � 2) Of: dream, hear, think �I wouldn’t dream of driving in this weather! (= regard sth as impossible) �When she was a teenager, Emily was dreaming about becoming a model. (= hope, imagine, have an ambition)

� 3) To: apologize, complain, talk, write (odnosi se na osobu) �After several days, Tom apologized to Laura. �Can I see you tomorrow? I have to talk to you. �NAPOMENA: Iza sledećih glagola u engleskom ne ide predlog, već samo objekat: answer, approach, control, demand, enter, expect, leave, phone, reach, request �Answer the question = odgovoriti na pitanje �Enter the building = ući u zgradu �Reach the shore = stići do obale

V+Obj+Preposition �Posebnu podgrupu čine glagoli iza kojih ide najpre objekat, pa onda predlog. Neki od njih su: accuse smb of, add sth to, ask smb for, ask smb about, borrow sth from, compare sth/smb with sth, congratulate smb on, describe sth to smb, divide sth into, explain sth to smb �Tom accused his colleague of selling company secrets. �The cameras have been installed to prevent drivers from speeding. �Sarah thanked her fellow students for helping her with her research.

Phrasal Verbs �Frazalni glagoli su složeni glagoli koji se sastoje od glagola (obično glagola aktivnosti ili kretanja) i priloga ili predloga, npr. come in, sit down, take off. �Glagoli sa predlozima i frazalni glagoli: Ponekad je teško razlikovati ove dve grupe glagola. Međutim, oni se razlikuju po sledećem:

� 1) Kod frazalnih glagola, predlog ili prilog se može pomerati ispred ili iza objekta, a kod glagola sa predlozima predlog ima svoje mesto koje se ne može menjati: �Phrasal verbs: You can take your coat off. or You can take off your coat. �Prepositional verbs: �I agree with you. *I agree you with. �I prefer summer to winter. *I prefer to summer winter.

� 2) Kod glagola sa predlozima, prilozi (priloške odredbe) mogu da se umetnu između glagola i predloga, dok se elementi frazalnih glagola ne mogu razdvajati: �Prepositional verbs: He looked quickly at the picture. (= have in sight) �Phrasal verbs: *He looked quickly up the information. �He looked up the information quickly. (= search for)

� 3) Dakle, frazalni glagoli čine jednu celinu i gramatički i semantički (značenjski). Dok glagoli sa predlozima uvek imaju jasno značenje, tj. nosilac značenja je glagol, kod frazalnih glagola i prilog doprinosi značenju. U nekim slučajevima elementi frazalnog glagola pojedinačno imaju drugačije značenje nego kad su zajedno. �Look at = have in sight �Look up = search for

Kako razumeti frazalne glagole �Neke frazalne glagole je lako razumeti: �Tom asked Melanie to come in. �The man in front turned round and stared at me. �Međutim, mnogi imaju idiomatsko značenje. Glagol i prilog/predlog zajedno imaju drugačije značenje od pojedinačnih reči, a često je to značenje potpuno netransparentno: �Luckily, their plan came off. (= succeeded) �Why would Tom turn down such a good offer? (= refuse) �I can't make out who’s standing over there. (=see clearly)

Red reči kod frazalnih glagola �Kad frazalni glagol ima objekat, objekat može da ide ispred ili iza priloga/predloga. �Emily took her coat off. or Emily took off her coat. �Laura wrote the message down. or Laura wrote down the message. �Who let the prisoner out? or Who let out the prisoner?

�Ako je objekat duža imenska fraza, onda mora ide iza priloga/predloga: �Laura has sent out a number of parcels containing sweets to the neighbourhood children. �Emily tried on the dress in the window, but it didn’t fit her.

�Zamenica (npr. it, them) uvek ide ispred priloga. �Sarah felt hot in her coat, so she took it off. �*She took off it. �There have been a number of bank robberies. The police know who carried them out. �*The police know who carried out them.

Frazalni i formalni glagoli �Neki frazalni glagoli se mogu zameniti glagolima od jedne reči sa istim značenjem. Ovi glagoli su često latinskog porekla i upotrebljavaju se u formalnim situacijama i u pisanom jeziku: �bring in = introduce (uvesti) �fall out = quarrel (posvađati se) �find out = discover (otkriti) �give up = stop (prestati, prekinuti) �go away = disappear (nestati) �go back = return (vratiti se) �go on = continue (nastaviti)

�leave out = omit (izostaviti) �make up = invent (a story) (izmisliti priču) �put off= postpone (odložiti) �send out = distribute (razdeliti) �set up = establish (osnovati, postaviti) �throw away = discard (odbaciti) �turn up = arrive (stići) �work out = calculate (izračunati)

Frazalni glagoli za neformalne situacije �Frazalni glagoli se koriste u govornom jeziku i u neformalnim situacijama. Neki od glagola koji se koriste u svakodnevnim situacijama su: come on, fill in, get on, get up, go out, hurry up, knock out, wash up, wake up �Primeri: �Come on, we have to go now. �(Kreni, moramo da idemo. ) �You have to fill in a form in order to apply. �(Moraš da popuniš obrazac da bi se prijavio. ) �How did you get on in the test last week? �(Kako si prošla na testu prošle nedelje? ) �Tom usually gets up late on weekends. �(Tom obično ustaje kasno vikendom. )

Frazalni glagoli u poslovnom registru �Neki frazalni glagoli se često koriste u poslovnom engleskom jeziku, kao što su: �cut back = spend less (smanjiti troškove) �draw up = write (sačiniti (npr. ugovor)) �fall behind = be slower than others (zaostajati) �fall through = fail (ne uspeti, izjaloviti se (npr. plan) �get through = make contact (uspostaviti (telefonsku) vezu)

�lay off = dismiss (otpustiti) �put forward = suggest (predložiti) �sort out = solve, find a solution (rešiti) �take on = accept (prihvatiti, primiti) �take over = take control of (preuzeti kontrolu (nad firmom))

Frazalni glagoli od 3 elementa �V+ adverb+preposition �Frazalni glagoli od tri elementa često imaju posebno, idiomatsko značenje koje se razlikuje od značenja pojedinačnih reči: �call/drop in on (smb) = pay short visits (svratiti, posetiti na kratko) �catch up with = reach the same place as (sustići) �come up against = face (suočiti se)