Prepared By Mr Raed Z Ahmed Medical Parasitology

Prepared By: Mr. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Zinc Sulphate technique § Advantages: – Zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation technique is useful for the recovery of protozoan cysts and helminthes eggs. § Disadvantages: – Large trematode eggs, some tape worm eggs, and infertile Ascaris lumbricoides eggs are not concentrated by this method. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Materials and Method § Zinc sulphate solution with specific gravity 1. 18. – Mix 330 gm dry zinc sulphate in 670 ml distilled water. – Use the hydrometer or densitometer to adjust specific gravity around 1. 18 Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Tissue Cestodes Ecchinococcus granulosus Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Ecchinococcus granulosus • Ecchinococcus granulosus also known as hydatid worm. • Disease: Ecchinococcus (serious disease). • Adult lives in intestine of dogs but never in human intestine. • Definitive host: Dogs. • Dead end host: Human. • Intermediate host: sheep, cattle, horse, pigs. • Infective stage: ova by fecal oral route. • Diagnosis: – Tests involve antigen antibody reaction. – X-RAY examination. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Ecchinococcus granulosus stages Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Intestinal Cestodes Diphyllobotherium latum Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Diphyllobotherium latum • knows as abroad fish tapeworm which can cause Diphylobotheriasis. • Mode of infection: through consumption of raw or undercooked fish contain plerocercoid larva. • Immature eggs are passed in feces of the mammal host (the definitive host). • After ingestion by a suitable freshwater crustacean (intermediate host), the coracidia develop into procercoid larvae. • Following ingestion of the crustacean by a suitable second intermediate host, the procercoid larvae are released from the crustacean and migrate into the fish's flesh where they develop into a plerocercoid larvae • The plerocercoid larvae are the infective stage for the definitive host (including humans). • Diagnosis: – Stool analysis to finding typical eggs ( oval, yellow brown with operculum at one end) and segments. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Diphyllobotherium latum eggs Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Intestinal Cestodes Taenia spp. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Life cycle Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Taenia spp. • Of the 32 recognized species of Taenia, only Taenia solium and Taenia saginata are medically important. • Taenia saginata, which is also known as the "beef tapeworm", though it also infects humans. • Taenia solium, which is known as the "pork tapeworm". Like Taenia saginata humans serve as its primary host. • Both have mature, immature and gravid segments. • Both have scolex provided with four cup- shaped suckers, but T. saginata has an unarmed scolex while T. solium has an armed scolex. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Taenia spp. ( Cont…. ) • In both species the infective stage is the cysticercus. • Cows are the intermediate host of T. saginata while pigs are the intermediate host of T. solium. • Definitive host: Human. • Diagnosis: – By finding gravid proglotid or eggs in stool. • Eggs present in stool less often are proglottids. – Direct fecal smear. – Brine flotation technique. • Taenia saginata and Taenia solium must be differentiated from each other by the following: § Mature segment, gravid proglotid and adult worm. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Comparison Aspect Taenia saginata Taenia solium Intermediate host Cows (Beef tape worm) Pigs (Pork tape worm) Adult size Longer ( 4 – 8 meters ) Smaller ( 2 - 4 meters ) Number of segment 1000 – 2000 700 - 1000 Mature segment 2 lobes ovary 3 lobes ovary Gravid proglotid With 15 – 30 uterine branches With 7 – 13 uterine branches Scolex Devoid rostellum and hooks With rostellum and 2 rows of hooks Larvae Cysticercus bovis in cattle only Cysticercus cellulosae in pig as well as in man Taeniasis and cysticercosis Disease caused in man Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Taenia Egg We can’t use egg to differentiate b/w two species Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Taenia scolex Taenia saginata Taenia solium Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Taenia mature segment Taenia saginata 2 ovary lobes Taenia solium 3 ovary lobes Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Taenia Gravid Proglotid Taenia saginata Taenia solium Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013

Taenia Adult worm Taenia saginata Taenia solium Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab. , 2012 -2013