PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 4 Ovulation https www youtube

PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 4

Ovulation � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=n. Lmg 4 w. SHdx Q Fertilization (Conception) � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=BFr. Vm. Dgh 4 v 4&index=1&list=PL 4 n 5 s. JMc. Nq 7 AZy. Nzfg. Uz. J 3 o. M q 7 f. DHfx. YF How Your Body Changes During Pregnancy � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=gp. Gsl. YFExc 8

Genetics Hair color? Eye color? Physical traits? Talents? Medical conditions? 46 chromosomes � Tiny threadlike structure in the nucleus of every cell � Come in 23 pairs – each parent � Each chromosomes has hundreds to thousands of genes (inherited characteristics) Molecules that make up genes are DNA Dominant or recessive genes Baby’s DNA https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Mid. Htn. C 5 ERs

Gender Determined at conception Sex chromosomes in two types: X & Y � Woman’s Ovum carries X chromosome � Man’s sperm carries either X or Y XX combination = girl XY combination = boy � Inside Pregnancy: Boy or Girl? https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Su. Wo. XFIcg. C g

Multiple Births 3% or 3 in 100 births IDENTICAL TWINS Ovum and sperm cells divide and split in half creating 2 separate cell masses 1 ovum & 1 sperm cell � similar FRATERNAL TWINS physical characteristics � always the same gender 4 in 1, 000 births 2 eggs are released from ovaries and fertilized by 2 separate sperm Different eggs & sperm � Do not look alike 23 in 1, 000 births

Infertility (def) the inability to conceive a child within 1 year Options for Infertile Couples � Fertility drugs � Surgery � Adoption � *Artificial Insemination � *In Vitro Fertilization � *Ovum Transfer � *Surrogate Mother

Fertility Drugs Regulate reproductive hormones and trigger the release of one or more eggs Effects � Increase odds of twins Clomiphene pills - 30 -40% conceive by 3 rd treatment cycle at $10 to $100 a month Gonadotropins injections – 15% percent success rate per cycle at $1, 000 to $5, 000 a month

Surgery Fix genetic defects Open blocked fallopian tubes Remove fibroids or tissue of endometriosis Treat Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) Laparoscopy - thin instruments/lighted camera inserted through small incision In abdomen � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ae. Gz. WF 46 a. Nc Laparotomy – similar but larger abdominal incision $2, 000 to $10, 000, depending on type of surgery � Other cost factors: anesthesia, in or out patient, insurance coverage, etc.

Artificial Insemination � or “Intrauterine insemination” (IUI) Doctor injects sperm into a woman’s uterus during ovulation � Often using spouses sperm � If spouse has genetic disorder, donor’s sperm can be used � Raise risk of twins Pregnancy rate is 7 to 16% per IUI cycle (unexplained infertility) ~ $865 � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=S 6 Fmkz. Of 9 ao

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Doctor combines mature ovum with sperm, if fertilized doctor places in woman’s uterus � Process used to treat many causes of infertility (e. g. damaged fallopian tube � Pregnancy occurs if fertilized attaches itself to uterus 41% for women 34 and younger 31% for women 35 – 37 22% for women 38 – 40 12% for women 41 and 42 $12, 400 for on cycle of IVF, if using own eggs/sperm � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=u. Xs. Cngh 89 f. I � (watch first 20 seconds, then skip to 2: 15

Ovum Transfer Similar to in vitro fertilization EXCEPT it’s a donated ovum Ovum fertilized in lab and placed in mother’s uterus Beneficial for mothers who Lack working ovaries � Have poor ovum quality � Have inherited disorders � Fresh donor egg IVF cycle $20, 000 to $30, 000 including donor compensation � 57% success rate � Frozen donor egg ~$16, 000 � ~36% success rate

Surrogate Mother “substitute” Woman who becomes pregnant to have a baby for another woman � Using own eggs � � Signs away all parental rights 50% for women 34 and younger 11% for women 43 and up $150, 000 for entire process through agency � � � 25, 000 to $35, 000 to Carriers expenses Insurance costs IVF treatment Legal, administrative and counseling fees by lawyers and agency

Miscarriage Stillbirth Developing baby dies prior to 20 th week of pregnancy 10 -15% pregnancies � Half? Possible Causes � � hormones, infections, diabetes, thyroid disease, lupus Signs � Baby dies after 20 th week of pregnancy, before labor 1 -2% pregnancies Possible Causes � unknown Chromosome problems Smoking, alcohol, and drugs Mom’s health vs. Vaginal bleeding, cramps & severe belly pain Problems with placenta, abnormal chromosomes, age, poor growth, obese, diabetes, alcohol/drugs, multiples, previous miscarriage/stillbirth, and infections Signs � � No movement Cramps Bleeding No heartbeat

Abortion 3 out of 10 women in US have an abortion before age 45 Indiana requires parent permission 2 types of abortion � In-clinic abortion and abortion pill

Abortion continued Abortion Pill To end an early pregnancy (up to 9 weeks) 97% effective 2 medicines Block hormone progesterone (breaks down lining) � 2 – empties uterus In-Clinic Abortion � Up to 16 weeks � 5 -10 minute procedure � 1 - taken 24 to 48 hours later Causes cramps and bleeding Abort within 4 to 5 hours 2 type: vacuum aspiration dilation & evacuation � 16 weeks and after � 10 -20 minutes procedure

Prenatal Tests *birth defects and development Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Ultrasound Amniocentesis Chorionic Villi Sampling

Prenatal Test: AFP “Alpha Feta Protein” Blood test Between week 15 and 20 of pregnancy Protein produced in liver of fetus and in mother’s blood

Prenatal Test: Ultrasound Or “sonogram” Uses sound waves to make a video image of an unborn baby � Monitor: Development Age/due date Detect birth defects Multiple babies 20 th week Now in 3 D No threat to child or mother https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_N 9 gl. CLYas. E

Prenatal Test: Amniocentesis Withdrawing sample of amniotic fluid surrounding baby Uses ultrasound to guide needle through woman’s abdomen into amniotic sac Cells from amniotic fluid tested for birth defects or health problems *Down Syndrome Risk Between 15 th & 20 th week of pregnancy � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =b. Zc. Gpjy. OXt 0

Prenatal Tests: Chorionic Villi Sampling Uses sample of tissue from membrane that encases the fetus to check for specific birth defects Tissue are cut or suctioned off and analyzed Less risk than amniocentesis Between 10 th and 12 th week of pregnancy