Preliminaries to translation as a process Translation can

Preliminaries to translation as a process:

Translation can be seen as a process • and a product. As a process as a process means what the translator actually does. To understand the type of work that the translator is involved in , we need at the beginning to explain the following basic terms:

Text: Any given stench of speech or • writing assumed to make a coherent whole. A minimal text may consist of a single word, for example, the road sign ﻗﻒ 'Stop'. A maximal text may run into • thousands of pages. An example of maximal text would be the many ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ volumes of

Source text (ST): The text which requires translation • Target Text(TT): The text which is a translation of the • ST Source Language (SL): The language in which the ST is • spoken or written. Target language (TL): The language into which the ST is • to be translated. Strategy: The translator's plan which consists of a • number of strategic decisions made after an initial reading of the ST, but before starting detailed translation.

Strategic decisions: Before starting detailed translation, the • translator takes reasoned decisions with regard to the following questions: 1. What is the message content of this particular ST? 2. What are the salient linguistic features? 3. What are its principle effects? 4. What genres does it belong and what audience is it aimed at? 5. What are the functions and intended audience of my translation? 6. What are the implications of these factors? 7. If a choice has to be made among them, which ones should be given

Decisions of detail: Reasoned decisions which concern the specific problems of grammar and lexis(words), etc. which the translator encounter when translating a particular expression in a particular context. Decisions of details are made in the light of strategy.

Types of Translation Roman Jacobson (1959) classifies translation into three types: 1. Interlingual translation: i. e. (translation proper), in which the SL text is replaced by equivalent material from the TL.

2. Intralingual translation: (or rewording): This type refers to interpreting the verbal signs in a certain language by another set of verbal signs in the same language. It is a kind of paraphrase as is the case with paraphrasing a certain poem or a literary text.

. 3 Intersemiotic translation: that is, translation between two semiotic systems (a semiotic system being a system for communication). ‘The green light means go’ is an act of inter-semiotic translation, as is ‘The big hand’s pointing to twelve and the little hand’s pointing to four, so it’s four o’clock’. In each case, there is translation from a non-linguistic communication system (traffic lights, clock-face) to a linguistic one

Gist translation: A translation which provides the main ideas of the ST omitting any unnecessary information as much as possible. Exegetic translation: A type of translation to denote a translation that explains and elaborates on the ST in this way. The inevitable part played by the translator’s experiential baggage becomes obvious in exegetic translation.