Pregnancy and Childbirth All images are from Google

Pregnancy and Childbirth All images are from Google Images

Preconception Health • • • Annual Gynecologist Visits Nutrition/Exercise STI Prevention/Treatment Drug/Alcohol Abuse/Use Folic Acid

Implantation • Sperm reach egg within ------ • Fertilization usually occurs within 24 hours after ovulation • 24 -30 hours after fertilization genetic material is joined, forming a zygote • 36 hours – 2 cells • 48 hours – 4 cells • 4 days – blastocyst • 7 -8 days after fertilization, the blastocyst can attach to the endometrium • Fetus at 8 weeks

Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy • Amenorrhea • Change in Breast Tissue – Size, tenderness, areola may darken • Increased Frequency of Urination • Morning Sickness • Fatigue • Growing Waistline • Moodiness • Quickening • Braxton-Hicks Contractions • Acid Reflux • Appetite/cravings

Doctor’s Observations • • • Change in Reproductive Organs Fetal Heart Beat Fetal Movements Fetal Outline Gender Determination

Laboratory Tests • Urine or Blood Testing • Home Pregnancy Tests Doctor will confirm • Both test for Human Chorionic Gonadatropin (HCG) hormone which is present about 8 days after conception occurs • When is the baby due?

Prenatal Care • A woman should see her doctor after the second missed period – Medical History – Blood and Urine test • Nutrition – Vitamins and minerals to help developing baby • STOP using any hormonal contraceptive methods • Avoid alcohol - FAS • Avoid cigarettes • Avoid drugs

Common Disorders • • • Nausea and vomiting Leg Cramps Pressure Varicose Veins Numbness and Tingling • Flatulence • • Edema Palpitations Fainting Drug and Food Sensitivity • Stretch Marks • Hemorrhoids

Danger Signals During Pregnancy • • Vaginal bleeding Swelling of face and fingers Manifestations of toxemia Labor contractions Amniotic Sac breaking Chills and fever Lower fetal kick count

Complications • • • Miscarriage Premature Birth Ectopic Pregnancy Placenta Previa Premature Placenta Separation

Amniotic Sac • Also known as “bag of waters” • At delivery the sac contains 1 -2 quarts of fluid – Helps regulate baby’s temperature – Cushions fetus from possible injury – Provides a medium in which the fetus can move – At 21 weeks fetal respiration occurs – The fluid is sampled for Amniocentesis

Placenta • Organ that transports nutrition and oxygen from mother to fetus and transports waste products from fetus to mother – Nutrition – Respiration – Excretion – Barrier – Produces Hormones

Umbilical Cord • Connects the Fetus and Placenta connected through, developing at 25 days • Long semitransparent “rope” containing one vein and two arteries • Surrounded by jelly-like substance to protect it • Large number of substances can pass through and enter the fetus’ circulation

1 st Trimester • Weeks 1 -12 • Zygote – united sperm and ovum • Blastocyte – multi-celled at 4 days, implanted within 8 days • Embryo – 4 weeks • At the end of 2 nd month-1. 2 inches long, the head represents half of the embryo’s bulk and facial features (eyes, ears, nose, lips, tongue) are present • The third month – It is now a fetus, is about 3 inches, and has nails and genitals can be seen.

nd 2 Trimester • Beginning of the 4 th month • Fourth month is the time for the greatest amount of fetal growth • Quickening begins • End of the 5 th month – 1 lb – Head hair and subcutaneous fat • The fetus sleeps, wakes, and has preferred body positions • In the 6 th month the body is covered with fine hair, the eyes become light sensitive, and it can hear uterine sounds.

rd 3 Trimester • The baby begins to position itself for birth • The fetus is much more baby like • By the end of the 7 th month the baby can survive outside the womb • At the end of the 8 th month the fetus is over 5 lbs, skin redness, and wrinkles lessen. • The nails reach the end of fingers and toes. • Between week 38 -40 the head is 60% its full size and the fine hair has almost disappeared being replaced by vernix

Different Types of Birth • • • Forceps Caesarean Breech Multiple Births Induced Labor

Labor • Begins due to hormonal changes • Early signs – Lightening – Loss or leveling of weight – Spurt of energy • Actual signs – Amniotic sac ruptures – The appearance of “show” – Rhythmic contractions of uterus

Stage One • Dilation of Cervix – Effacement of cervix occurs due to the uterine contractions – Starts with the first contractions – Ends when the cervix is 10 cm Stage 2 • Actual Delivery of baby – Crowning – Episiotomy Stage 3 Delivery of afterbirth

Apgar Test • 1 and 5 minutes after birth • The baby is tested on the following and given a score. 10 is the highest, 7 is determined to be healthy – Heart rate – Respiration – Muscle tone – Reflex irritability – Color