Precoordinate and Postcoordinate Indexing System Indexing system p

Pre-coordinate and Postcoordinate Indexing System

Indexing system p p p A set of prescribed procedures for organizing the contents of records of knowledge or documents for the purpose of retrieval and dissemination It is the means whereby an indexing language can be applied to make an index The need for an indexing systems out of the work of devising index headings These index headings mainly relate to documents dealing with compound or multi-concept subjects Two basic groups n n Pre-Coordinate indexing system Post Coordinate indexing system

Pre-coordinate indexing system p p p Convenient systems mostly found in printed indexes A document is represented in the index by a heading or headings comprising a chain or string of terms These terms taken together are expected to define the subject content of the document Leading term determines the position of the entry in the index, while other terms are subordinated to it Ex: The Use of computers in library and information activities generates the following Library activities: Use of computers Computers: Use in library activitie

Characteristics p p p Coordination of index terms in the index description is decided before any particular request is made, the index is known as pre-coordinate index Coordinates the elements of compound subjects before any particular request is made for the information Headings in the index are relatively specific compared to one concept heading Mostly prevalent as printed indexes Indexes found in abstracting and indexing journals, national bibliographies n n Consistent description of subjects Provide access from different concepts

Pre-coordinate Indexing Examples p Alphabetical subject indexing systems n n n p Cutter, Coates Kaiser Ranganathan (Chain indexing) Metcalfe Lynch Sharp (SLIC- Selected Listing in Combination) Fosket (Rotated index) Craven (NEPHIS – Nested Phrase indexing) Bhattacharya (POPSI – Postulate based permuterm indexing) PRECIS (Preserved Context Indexing System) General Classification Schemes n n DDC UDC CC LCC

Post-coordinate indexing p p p p Also called coordinate indexing Overcomes the rigidity of citation order Isolates the concepts of a composite subject and keeping them separate for manipulation at search stage Coordination of concepts is done at the output stage Can be grouped into two categories Term records Item records

Term Records Concept is represented as a heading in a term card and accession numbers of all documents carrying that concept are posted on it We need to make as many entries as possible Uniterm indexing ( W E Btten)

Item records p p p Only one entry is made for a particular document and all aspects of the document are coded on the card Provides multiple access to the document through the coded concepts Examples n n n n n Zatcoding (Calvin Moore) Uniterm of Mortimer Taube) Optical coincidence method Batten system Selects system Peek –a – boo system Aperture card system Peep hole card system Edge notched cards

Chain Indexing p p p Dr S R Ranganathan, Classified Catalogue Code, Class Index Entry Method of deriving verbal subject headings to provide subject approach to documents through the alphabetical part of a classified catalogue Mechanical method to derive subject index entries or subject headings from the class number of a document called chain procedure

PRECIS (PREserved Context Indexing System) p p p Dereck Austen 1970 Intended to provide a new system of subject indexing for BNB “A system in which the initial string of terms, organized according to a scheme of role indicating operators is computer manipulated so that selected words function in turn as the approach term” Any entry in this subject index system retains the full context of the term of approach or the term sought by the users of an information system Two levels of operation n n Human level – Analysis and statement preparation Computer level – programmed to manipulate entries

Theoretical considerations p Format – two line three part style Lead p p Display Term, String, Role operators Governing principles n n p Qualifier One to one principle Context dependence Role operators regulate the writing of conceptual terms and also regulate the sequence of terms

Schema of Role Operators Primary operators Environment 0 Core concept 1 2 3 Extra core 4 Location Key system Action, Effect of action Performer of action, instrument, intake factor View point as form 5 Selected instance 6 Form of document, Target user

Schema (Contd…) Secondary operators Coordinate f concept g Dependent p elements q Special classes r s t u Bound Standard part, property member of quasi generic group Assembly Role definer Author attributed Two way interaction

Schema (Contd…) Primary codes Theme interlinks $x Term codes Secondary codes Differences Preceeding differences Date as difference $d Parenthetical difference Connectives 1 st concept in coordinate theme $y 2 nd concept in coordinate theme $z Common concept $a Common noun $c Proper name $d Place name $0 $1 $2 $3 Non-lead space generating Non-lead close up Lead space generating Lead close up $n $o $v $w Non-lead parenthetical Lead parenthetical Downward Upward

Formats Standard Format (Lead-Qualifier-Display) Ex: Recruitment of personnel in textile industries in India (0) India (1) Textile industries (p) Personnel (2) Recruitment INDIA Textile industries, Personnel. Recruitment TEXTILE INDUSTRIES. India Personnel. Recruitment PERSONNEL Textile industries. India Recruitment RECRUITMENT Personnel. Textile industries. India p

Formats (Contd…) Inverted format – Whenever a term coded (4), (5) or (6) occurs in a string of conceptual terms in the leading position, this appears in bold and the dependent element in italics Ex: Schools in India: A directory (0) India (1) Schools (2) Directory INDIA Schools. Directory SCHOOLS. India Directory DIRECTORY India. Schools p

Formats (Contd…) Predicate transformation – whenever a string containing a term that represents an agent code (3) comes as lead or term prefixed by one of the operators (2, s, t) which are indicative of some kind of action Ex: Damage to crops by droughts in India (0) India (1) Crops (2) Damage $v by $w to (3) Droughts INDIA Crops. Damage by droughts CROPS India Damage by droughts DAMAGE Crops India By droughts DROUGHTS India Damage to Crops p

Syntax, Semantics, Vocabulary and Cross References Syntax – principle of context dependence p Semantics – independent of documents. Conventional, Genre-Species relations p Vocabulary and Cross references – Controlled, structured and open ended p

Postulate based Permuted Subject Index (POPSI) p p p G Bhattacharya DRTC Based on chain procedure Not based on any classification schemes Deep structure arises from a Subject Indexing Language (SIL) All ideas concrete or conceptual could be regarded as a manifestation of one or the other of a set of postulated ‘Elementary Categories’ Elementary categories: Discipline (D), Entity (E), Action (A), Property (P) and Modifier (M)

Elementary Categories p p p D= Discipline = An elementary category that includes conventional fields of study or any aggregate of such fields Ex: Physical Science, Physics, Chemistry etc E = Entity = An elementary category that includes manifestation having perceptual correlation or only conceptual existence Ex: Energy, Light, Plants, Time A = Action = Manifestation denoting the concept of doing action which may manifest as self-action or external action Ex: Function, Migration, Selection P = Property = Manifestation denoting the concept of attribute – qualitative or quantitative Ex: Property, Effect, Power, Capacity M = Modifier = In relation to a manifestation of any one of the elementary categories D, E A P Ex: Sanskrit in Sanskrit drama is a modifier

Syntax, Semantics, Sequencing of terms Syntax: based on principles and postulates of general theory of classification p Semantics: Hybrid of faceted classification and thesaurus (Classarus) p Sequence of terms: DEAP p

POPSI Table 0 Form modifier 1 General treatment 2 Phase relation 2. 1 General 2. 2 Bias 2. 3 Comparison 2. 4 Similarity 2. 5 Difference 2. 6 Application 2. 7 Influence Common Modifiers 3 Time 4 Environment 5 Place 6 Entity 7 Discipline 8 Core 9 Base . 1 Action. 2 Property , Part. Species/Type Note: As. 1 and. 2 are dependent ECs, these are to be prepared by the notations for the ECs to which these are dependent

Steps in POPSI Analysis p Formalization p Stanardization p Modulation p Preparation of EOC p Decision about terms of approach p Preparation of EAC p Alphabetiztion p

POPSI - Specific Basic version of POPSI can be manipulated to generate POPSI specific to meet specific requirement of an information system p If we want to bring all or major part of information on ‘Tuberculosis’ POPSI specific is to be developed p