Precision feeding in swine opportunities and challenges Jaap

Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges 猪精准饲喂：机遇与挑战 Jaap VAN MILGEN

Outline v Observe variation in feed, among animals, and the environment 观察饲料、动物及环境的变化 v Understand predict the response of pigs to the nutrient supply 理解并预测猪对养分供应的响应 v Precision pork production 精准猪肉生产 v Conclusions 结论 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 02

It is all about variation (一切都与变化有关) Observe variation in feeds, animals, and the environment Predict using concept-driven and data-driven models 观察饲料、动物及环境的变化 使用概念驱动和数据驱动模型进行预测 Understand the underlying mechanisms of variation Control through management (e. g. , feeding, health care) 理解变化的潜在机制 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 通过管理调控(如喂养、卫生保健) . 03

Feed formulation is based on “values” and “requirements” 饲料配方是基于“价值”和“需求”而确定 Nutritional value of feed ingredients 饲料成分的营养价值 Nutritional requirements of the animal 动物的营养需要量 NRC, 2012 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 04

Feed formulation is based on “values” and “requirements” 饲料配方是基于“价值”和“需求”而确定 Feed values can be measured, but are variable 饲料养分能检测，但是可变的 Others can only be estimated (but will be variable as well) 其他的只能估计(但也将是可变的) NRC, 2012 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 05

Predicting energy digestibility by NIRS 近红外光谱法预测能量消化率 from feed samples from fecal samples 饲料样本 100 (Noel, 2018) 95 (Labussière, 2018) 95 90 Predicted, % 粪便样本 100 85 80 75 90 85 80 75 70 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 70 Measured, % Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 70 75 80 85 90 Measured, % 95 100 . 06

Nutrient requirement change with during growth 营养需要量随生长而变化 NRC, 2012 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 07

There is variation among pigs in nutrient requirements 猪的营养需要量是具有个体差异的 Average daily gain (kg/d) 平均日增重 1, 4 1, 3 1, 2 1, 1 1, 0 0, 9 0, 8 0, 7 1, 5 2, 0 2, 5 3, 0 3, 5 Average feed intake(平均采食量), kg/d Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 08

There is variation among pigs in nutrient requirements 猪的营养需要量是具有个体差异的 Digestible Lys, g/kg diet 可消化赖氨酸 14 12 10 8 The highest 最高 6 The average 平均 4 The lowest 最低 2 20 40 60 80 100 Body weight (体重), kg Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 120 140. 09

Definition of precision livestock farming 精准畜牧业的定义 “Management of livestock production systems using the principles and technology of process engineering” 运用过程 程学原理和技术对畜牧生产系统进行管理 (Wathes et al. , 2008) 1. Continuous monitoring process response How of dothe I feed a pig so or outcome 过程响应或结果的持续监控 that it will attain 110 kg at 2. Mathematical model predicting the process outcome from inputs 6 months of age? 从输入预测过程结果的数学模型 如何实现 6月龄的猪体重达到 110 kg？ 3. The desired outcome 期望的结果 4. A mechanism to control inputs 控制输入的机制 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 010

Precision livestock feeding and farming. Why? 为什么采用精准饲喂与养殖? v The number of animals per farm and per farmer is increasing 饲养动物的数量在增加 v A need to become more efficient with feed resources that are less or not in competition with other uses 需要提高饲料资源的利用效率，减少或不与其他用途竞争 v A possibility to make better use of biological variation among animals 更好地利用动物间生物变化 v A rapid development in monitoring technologies 监测技术的快速发展 v New methods for data analysis (e. g. , real-time, big data) 数据分析的新方法（如实时，大数据） Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 011

Principles of precision livestock farming 精准畜牧业原理 Farm parameters 农场参数 Biological parameters 生物学参数 Animal Data transmission 数据传输 Sensors(传感器) (data collection数据收集) Data storage and treatment 数据存储与处理 Decisions 决策 Automatic action 自主活动 Farmer inputs 农民投入 Observations 观察 Farmer Consultation 咨询 农民 Control 控制 Automaton自动操作装置 (automatic feeder, milking parlor ) (自动送奶机，送奶室) Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 Indicators / alerts 指标/警报 Smartphone, computer 智能手机，电脑 Gaillard et al. , 2018, adapted from C. Allain . 012

General concepts of precision livestock farming 精准畜牧业的一般概念 Inputs 投入 Outputs 输出 (e. g. , type and/or quantity of feed, heating, ventilation)(如饲料的种类和/或 数量、加热、通风) (e. g. , feed intake, weight gain, room temperature, air quality)(如进食量，体 重增加，室温，空气质量) Data collection 数据收集 Sensors传感器 Prediction model 预测模型 Controller 控制器 Desired output 期望输出 Wathes et al. , 2008 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 013

Measuring feed intake in individual pigs Growing pigs 生长猪 Lactating sows 哺乳母猪 RFID ear tag 无线射频识别耳标 Gestating sows 妊娠母猪 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 014

Measuring body weight in individual pigs 测量猪的个体重 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 015

Other technologies and traits 其他技术及特点 v Body composition: image, ultrasound, impedance 体成分：图像，超声波，电阻抗 v Behavior: video, accelerometer 习性：视频，计步器 v Health: infrared image, sound, feeding and drinking behavior 健康状况：红外图像、声音、进食和饮水行为 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 016

Data management systems 数据管理系统 Data collection Data cleaning Data management 数据管理 Managing missing data Body weight prediction Feed intake prediction Determination of amino acid requirements Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 Prediction 预测 Nutritional modeling of growth 生长的营养模型. 017

Data management systems 数据管理系统 Collect data from devices 从设备中收集数据 Clean data 清除数据 Complete missing data 完全缺失的数据 Predict body weight 预测体重 Predict daily gain 预测日增重 Etcetera 其他 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 018

Predicting performance 日采食量 Daily feed intake, kg/d 生长性能预测 5, 0 4, 5 4, 0 3, 5 3, 0 2, 5 2, 0 1, 5 1, 0 How much will this pig eat tomorrow? 这头猪明天要吃多少? 65 75 85 95 And how much will it grow? 它会增重多少? 105 Age, d Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 115 125 135. 019

Determining nutrient requirements through modeling 建模确定营养需要 比率 Rate, kg/d 2, 0 Protein 蛋白质 Lipid 脂质 Carbohydrate 碳水化合物 Fiber 纤维 Ash 灰分 1, 5 1, 0 0, 5 0, 0 Nutrient intake 养分摄入 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 Nutient deposition 养分沉积 . 020

Nutritional modeling of growth 构建生长营养模型 一个可以有效预测生长猪对日粮中不同能量和蛋白 摄入水平的直接反应及判定其影响程度简单模型 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 021

Concepts used in nutritional growth models 营养生长模型的常见概念 nutrient intake 营养摄入量 lipid deposition 脂质沉积 ash deposition 灰分沉积 protein deposition 蛋白沉积 water deposition 水分沉积 body weight gain 体增重 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 022

Protein deposition depends on protein intake 蛋白沉积 Protein deposition, g/d 蛋白沉积依赖于蛋白摄入 120 Upper limit to protein deposition (PDmax) 100 蛋白沉积的上限 80 60 Gross efficiency of protein utilization 蛋白利用的总效率 40 20 0 0 100 200 300 Protein intake, g/d 蛋白摄入 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 400 500 Whittemore & Fawcett, 1974 . 023

Protein deposition also depends on energy intake 蛋白沉积 Protein deposition, g/d 蛋白沉积也依赖于能量摄入 120 Upper limit to protein deposition (PDmax) 100 蛋白沉积的上限 80 60 Minimum lipid-to-protein deposition ratio 40 最小脂蛋白沉积比 20 0 0 10 20 30 DE intake, MJ/d Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 40 50 Whittemore & Fawcett, 1974 . 024

Key concept in these models 这些模型中的关键概念 v Weight gain is determined by protein deposition (PD) and lipid deposition (LD) 体增重取决于蛋白沉积(PD)和脂质沉积(LD) v There is an upper limit to PD (PDmax) How do these change during growth? 蛋白沉积上限 这些在生长过程中是如何变化的? v There is energy partitioning rule between PD and LD 蛋白沉积与脂质沉积之间存在能量分配规律 v Protein quality affects PD 蛋白质量影响蛋白沉积 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 025

蛋白沉积 Protein deposition, g/d The response of the pig changes over time 25 kg 160 60 kg 100 kg 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 ME intake, MJ/d 40 50 Black et al. , 1986 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 026

Models have been used to develop decision support tools 模型用于开发决策支持 具 inraporc. inra. fr Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 027

In simulation modeling, pigs follow a phenotypic trajectory … Feed intake 采食量 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 Weight gain 增重 . 028

… allowing to analyze results in different ways Nutrient utilization 养分利用 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 What-if scenarios 假设情景分析 . 029

Accounting for changes in nutrient requirements during growth Digestible Lys, g/kg diet 可消化赖氨酸 14 12 10 Excess过量 8 One diet 一种日粮 Excess过量 6 Two diets 两阶段日粮 Multi-phase diet 多阶段日粮 4 2 20 40 60 80 100 Body weight, kg 体增重 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 120 140 . 030

Monitoring feed intake and weight gain at the INRA facilities 基于INRA设施监测饲料摄入量和体增重 Feeding area(摄食区) Weighing and sorting(称重和分拣) Resting area 休息区 v v One-way return gate(单向返回门) Animal identification by RFID(运用RFID动物识别) Access to the feeding area through the weighing station(通过称重站进入摄食区) Automatic feeders distribute small portions of feed(自动给料机分配一小部分饲料) Possibility to mix up to 4 diet(可能混合多达 4种日粮) Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 031

Individual feeding increases the efficiency of nutrient utilization (simulation study) 赖氨酸需要量 Lysine requirement, g/MJ NE 个体化饲喂提高养分利用效率(模拟研究) Experimental day Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 Pomar et al. , 2010 . 032

Experimental validation of precision feeding 精准饲养验证试验 Diets and ingredients 日粮和成分 Feeding program 饲养方案 Duration of each phase 各阶段持续时间 Feeding type 饲养类型 Requirement target at the start of the phase 3 -phase group Multi-phase individual Blend of 2 diets（ 混合两种日粮） Blend of 2 diets 3 -phase 三阶段 Multiphase 多阶 段 Multiphase 28 d 1 d 1 d Group 群体 Group Individual 个体 80% 100% 阶段开始时的需求目标 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 Andretta et al. , 2014 . 033

Precision feeding does not change the performance (experimental study) 精准饲喂对生长性能没有影响(试验研究) 3 -phase group Multi-phase individual Feed intake 采食量, kg/d 3. 05 3. 07 3. 05 Weight gain 体增重, kg/d 1. 11 1. 10 Gain: feed 料重比 0. 38 0. 37 Protein deposition 蛋白沉积, g/d 161 155 154 Lipid deposition 脂质沉积, g/d 343 366 369 Andretta et al. , 2014 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 034

Individual feeding can reduce feed cost and nutrient excretion 个体化饲养可降低饲料成本和养分排泄 3 -phase group Multi-phase individual Lys intake 赖氨酸摄入量, g/d 23. 8 a 19. 7 b 17. 4 c Nitrogen intake 氮摄入量, g/d 76. 8 a 69. 3 b 64. 8 b Nitrogen excretion 氮排泄量, g/d 48. 1 a 42. 1 b 37. 7 b Nitrogen efficiency 氮效率, % 33. 8 a 35. 8 b 38. 0 b Warm left carcass 左侧胴体, kg 50. 5 51. 1 51. 7 Loin area 眼肌面积, cm 2 57. 4 54. 3 55. 5 Andretta et al. , 2014 Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 035

Precision livestock farming … 精准畜牧业 v Is still a “young technology”(仍然是一项“年轻的技术”) v Requires to transform data into information, which needs to be integrated 需要将数据转换为有用的信息，这需要数据集成。 v Increases resource efficiency and reduces environmental impact 提高资源效率，减少其对环境的影响 v Accounts for the needs of individual pigs (说明每头猪的需要量) v Can change the design of pig production systems (能否改变生猪生产系统的设计 ) v Will initiate new questions and challenges (能否提出新的问题和挑战): v Who is in control? The computer, the farmer, the animal? ( 由谁操控? 电脑，农民，动物 ? ) v Who owns the data? Need for data integration (谁拥有这些数据? 需要数据集成) v Perceptions of the farmer, the citizen/consumer? (农民、公民/消费者的看法) Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 036

Precision livestock farming … 精准畜牧业是 程师的白日梦还是噩梦，是动物的朋友还是 敌人，是农民的万能药还是陷阱？ Precision feeding in swine: opportunities and challenges Jaap van Milgen Chinese Swine Science Conference, September 19 -21, 2019 . 037

Acknowledgements: Ludovic BROSSARD Jean-Yves DOURMAD Serge DUBOIS Charlotte GAILLARD Alain VALANCOGNE Staff at the Pegase research unit