Precision farming Soil Nutrition Water Dr ir Sander

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Precision farming Soil, Nutrition & Water Dr. ir. Sander H. van Delden (De. S)

Precision farming Soil, Nutrition & Water Dr. ir. Sander H. van Delden (De. S) Lecturer HAS den Bosch Soil and fertilisation

What is precision agriculture ? Precision agriculture: ◦ Farm management with the goal of

What is precision agriculture ? Precision agriculture: ◦ Farm management with the goal of optimizing returns on inputs while preserving resources ◦ Crop science: match farming practices to crop needs (e. g. fertilizer inputs) ◦ Environmental protection: reducing environmental risks and footprint of farming (e. g. limiting leaching of nitrogen) ◦ Economics: more competitiveness, causes efficient (short term) practices (e. g. improved management of fertilizer usage and other inputs).

Measures of productivity and efficiency ? Input of resources system Output of products Productivity:

Measures of productivity and efficiency ? Input of resources system Output of products Productivity: [Product output / Resource input] Amount of product produced per unit resource input e. g. labour productivity [Resource output / Resource input] Efficiency: [ Output / Input ] ratio of particular resource, e. g. nitrogen, phosphorus, energy 3

Precision farming is timing ! (Crop) science ◦ What are the needs of my

Precision farming is timing ! (Crop) science ◦ What are the needs of my crop ? (dose – response) ◦ What are the needs of my soil ? ◦ Dose variation in spatial (in space) distribution, but also temporal (over time).

Water A yield limiting factor in many places in the world Increasing water demands

Water A yield limiting factor in many places in the world Increasing water demands with increasing human population Climate change: extremes in water availability ◦ To little ◦ To much ◦ Poor quality Regulations (law Goverments and Markets)

Recap: Field water balance

Recap: Field water balance

Measuring the soil water content is useless……? P. W. P.

Measuring the soil water content is useless……? P. W. P.

Field capacity

Field capacity

Permanent wilting point P. W. P.

Permanent wilting point P. W. P.

Making a model:

Making a model:

Measures of productivity and efficiency ? Input of resources System investment returns Yield (ton/ha)

Measures of productivity and efficiency ? Input of resources System investment returns Yield (ton/ha) Risks Output of products Input (kg/ha) 13

Plant physiological variation in water demand availability There are some critical crop stages which

Plant physiological variation in water demand availability There are some critical crop stages which have big impact on yield potential e. g. : Root formation Kernel setting Tuber setting

Position the sensor

Position the sensor

Do not spend all your money on one high tech sensor

Do not spend all your money on one high tech sensor

Organic matter and Moisture

Organic matter and Moisture

Geonics EM 38 unit Hossian 2008

Geonics EM 38 unit Hossian 2008

The Mole The Soil Company

The Mole The Soil Company

The cross section of a soil showing the three-phase electrical conductance pathways for the

The cross section of a soil showing the three-phase electrical conductance pathways for the EC measurement (Corwin & Lesch 2005 a)

Primary indicator Calibration lines Secondary indicator

Primary indicator Calibration lines Secondary indicator

Spatial variation water availability

Spatial variation water availability

Spatial variation water availability

Spatial variation water availability

Temporal variation water availability Effect of conservation techniques on root zone soil moisture. Narayanan

Temporal variation water availability Effect of conservation techniques on root zone soil moisture. Narayanan Kannan , T. Senthivel , A. J. Rayar , Mutesa Frank Investigating water availability for introducing an additional crop yield in dry season on hill land at Rubirizi, Rwanda Agricultural Water Management Volume 97, Issue 5 2010 623 - 634 http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. agwat. 2009. 11. 011

Plant physiological variation in water demand availability There are some critical crop stages which

Plant physiological variation in water demand availability There are some critical crop stages which have big impact on yield potential e. g. : Root formation Kernel setting Tuber setting

Winter wheat Daily water use throughout the life cycle of wheat. Adapted from: Wheat

Winter wheat Daily water use throughout the life cycle of wheat. Adapted from: Wheat Prod. Handbook. Kansas State Univ. Ext. Pub. C-529. May, 1997.

Primary indicator Calibration lines Secondary indicator

Primary indicator Calibration lines Secondary indicator

Example: Potato field Cause of stains drought soil structure flooding nematodes N deficiency fertilization

Example: Potato field Cause of stains drought soil structure flooding nematodes N deficiency fertilization Errors diseases . . ?

How do nutrients get to the roots? Transpiration Root pressure Mycorrhiza Mass flow exudates

How do nutrients get to the roots? Transpiration Root pressure Mycorrhiza Mass flow exudates Root Water Movement Ca 2+, Mg 2+, NO 3 -, SO 42 -, Cl- Lubricant p. H Interception Mobilisation N, P, K Diffusion Mobilisation

Yield (ton / ha) Theoretical yield Actual yield Time (days)

Yield (ton / ha) Theoretical yield Actual yield Time (days)

What is limiting ? Cause of stains drought soil structure flooding nematodes N deficiency

What is limiting ? Cause of stains drought soil structure flooding nematodes N deficiency fertilization Errors diseases . . ?

Linking all the info “Yield is is proportional to to the amount most limiting

Linking all the info “Yield is is proportional to to the amount most limiting “Yield of the factor” mostgrowth limiting nutrient” Justus von Liebig Pathogens Drainage Structure Organic Matter Ask yourself: Do I get paid for a more homogeneous product ? What is the potential gain of precision farming and is this worth the investment……in time and equipment ?

From gamma to soil properties

From gamma to soil properties