PRECISION AGRICULTURE PRECISION AGRICULTURE Human need Environment Hypoxia
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PRECISION AGRICULTURE
PRECISION AGRICULTURE � Human need � Environment � Hypoxia � $750, 000 (excess N flowing down the Mississippi river/yr) � Developed vs Developing Countries � High vs Low yielding environments
MANY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES ARE NOT DESIGNED TO FOSTER SITE-SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT � � Continued success in wheat germplasm and technology dissemination worldwide depends on the free and uninhibited flow of genetic materials and information. Restrictions imposed on such movement due to intellectual property protection could have serious consequences on the ability of developing countries to sustain wheat productivity growth. …. further gains would have to come from specifically targeting breeding efforts to the unique characteristics of marginal environments
WHAT IS PRECISION AGRICULTURE? � The concept of precision farming entails the use of some high-tech equipment, assessing field conditions and applying chemicals and fertilizers. …. Managing small areas within a field to reduce chemical use and improve productivity is the goal of precision farming methods. Ess and Morgan
WHAT IS PRECISION AGRICULTURE? � Treating small areas of a field as separate management units for the purpose of optimizing crop production based on in -field variability
SITE SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT � The application of an input to a specific area based on the evaluation of variability of the need for that input. Richardson, 1996. � Recognition of site-specific differences within fields and tailoring management accordingly, instead of managing an entire field based on some hypothetical average. Emmert, 1995.
DEFINITIONS OF PRECISION AGRICULTURE � Using information to better manage farms at the field level or finer resolution. � Optimizing inputs to produce the largest net income. � Optimizing inputs to produce the highest long term yields. � Combine yield monitors, GPS, Grid Soil Sampling.
WHAT IS PRECISION FARMING? � � � � Management by the Field Management by the Foot Global Positioning Systems Yield Monitors Sensor Based Weed Control Grid Sampling Variable Rate Fertilizer Application Managing to Maximize Net Return – � � Agronomic Economic
OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY’S DEFINITION OF PRECISION AGRICULTURE � Variable rate application of fertilizers, pesticides or other inputs based on the sensed needs of the crop within the following constraints: � Available Technology � Agronomic � Economic � Environmental
LARGE SCALE (MACRO) VARIABILITY WITHIN A FIELD
INTERMEDIATE SCALE VARIABILITY WITHIN A FIELD IKONI Imagery 4 m Resolution
SMALL SCALE (MICRO) VARIABILITY WITHIN A FIELD
VARIABILITY IN WEED POPULATIONS
VARIABILITY IN GRAIN YIELD
MAP BASED - PRECISION FARMING Aerial and Satellite Images Management Computer GIS - Precision Farming Software Yield Map GPS Referenced Soil Samples Fertilizer Prescription Soils Maps, Elevation Maps, etc. GPS Constellations
ON-THE- GO SENSING OF PLANT NEEDS AND VARIABLE RATE TREATMENT Decision Making And Agronomic Strategy Computer and Sensor Assembly Variable Rate Spray Nozzle Direction of Travel Plant
MAP BASED VS. REAL TIME Map Based: 1. Treat next season’s crop 2. Historic information Transition: Aerial/Satellite 3. Slowly changing variables e. g. p. H Imagery 1. Sense and treat current crop 2. Real-Time, sense and treat on-the-go 2. Near real-time 3. Variables that change 3. rapidly, e. g. N 4. Resolution limited by ability to accurately and precisely locate position 4. Coarse resolution 5. Can directly measure variables e. g. p. H Sense and treat current crop Real-Time: 5. Indirect Measurements Variables that change rapidly, e. g. N 4. High resolution, 1 m 5. Indirect measurement (with existing sensors)
HISTORY OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY OPTICAL SENSOR BASED NITROGEN FERTILIZER APPLICATION 1991
HISTORY OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY OPTICAL SENSOR BASED NITROGEN FERTILIZER APPLICATION 1992 First discussion between the Departments of Plant and Soil Sciences and Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering concerning the possibility of sensing biomass in wheat and bermudagrass. Biomass was to be used as an indicator of nutrient need (based on removal). 1993
HISTORY OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY OPTICAL SENSOR BASED NITROGEN FERTILIZER APPLICATION 1994
HISTORY OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY OPTICAL SENSOR BASED NITROGEN FERTILIZER APPLICATION 1995
HISTORY OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY OPTICAL SENSOR BASED NITROGEN FERTILIZER APPLICATION 1996
HISTORY OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY OPTICAL SENSOR BASED NITROGEN FERTILIZER APPLICATION www. dasnr. okstate. edu/nitrogen_use 1997 1998
HISTORY OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY OPTICAL SENSOR BASED NITROGEN FERTILIZER APPLICATION 1999 TEAM-VRT entered into discussions with John Mayfield, Patchen, Inc. , concerning the potential commercialization of a sensor-based N fertilizer applicator for cereal crops. 2000 2001
HISTORY OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY OPTICAL SENSOR BASED NITROGEN FERTILIZER APPLICATION 2002 Treatment Pre-Trt. N, lb/ac Total N, lb/ac Yield, lb/ac Net Rtn, $/ac N-Rich Strip 94 0 94 44. 6 110 Var. Rate 56 23 79 39. 8 100 Fixed Rate A 56 35 91 37. 3 91 Fixed Rate B 58 24 82 35. 4 85 Field Rate 73 20 92 34. 6 82 SED 3. 1 9. 5 Treated March 20 to April 10, 2002 Net Revenue = grain yield * $3. 00 / bu – N Fertilizer * $0. 25 / lb SED = Standard Error of the Difference
HISTORY OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY OPTICAL SENSOR BASED NITROGEN FERTILIZER APPLICATION 2003 -Present
TODAY
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- Shunt vs dead space
- Hypoxaemia vs hypoxia
- Baltic sea hypoxia
- Dr halvax lászló
- Haemoglobin
- Diffusion hypoxia slideshare
- Diffusion hypoxia slideshare
- Hemoglobina
- Hypoximia
- Non precision instrument
- Semi precision attachments
- Negatif sayıların binary gösterimi
- Precision agriculture in the philippines
- Remote sensing in precision agriculture
- Define precision agriculture
- Precision agriculture in india
- Financial environment of business
- The deepest need of the human heart is to be understood
- Human dregs
- Need of human rights education
- Abraham harold maslow
- What is the highest level of human need according to maslow
- Human impact on agriculture
- Truck farming definition ap human geography
- When the by products of human actions taint the environment
- Hei geography definition
- Human environment
- Ufrj