Precancer diseases of the female sexual organs Female

Precancer diseases of the female sexual organs. Female cancer. O. Stelmakh

Precancer cervical lesions n n Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) Erythroplakia with atypia Leukoplakia with atypia Adenomatosis

Risk factors for cervical dysplasia n Human papillomavirus is a common virus that most women will be infected with at some time in their life. smoking n multiple sexual partners n pregnancy before the age of 20 n suffering from conditions that affect the immune system, like HIV n

Layers of squamosus epithelium of cervix

CIN Classification n CIN I: Mild dysplasia; abnormal cells can be found in 1/3 of the lining of the cervix n CIN II: Moderate dysplasia; abnormal cells can be found in 2/3 of the lining of the cervix n CIN III: Severe dysplasia; abnormal cells can be found in more than 2/3 of the lining of the cervix and up to the full thickness of the lining

Diagnosis of cervical dysplasia n n n n Speculum examination PAP – smear Processing of 3 % acetic acid of a cervix and revealing a white spot Colposcopy Cervical biopsy Endocervical curettage HPV - testing

Dysplasia is initially detected through a Pap smear

What is the thinnest and the more effected place of the cervix? ? ?

The smear should be taken from squamocolumnar junction – transition zone !

Types of PAP smears n n n n I – normal II a- inflammatory process II b – mild dysplasia III a - moderate dysplasia III b – severe dysplasia IV – carcinoma in situ V – cancer VI – smear is not informative

Frequency of Pap Smears n n n Begin no later than age 21. If patient is sexually active <21. Once initiated, screening should be performed annually After 30, for women who have had 3 consecutive, normal Pap smears, screening frequency may be reduced to every 3 years. Screening may stop after total hysterectomy, >70 if the patient is at low risk, and has had three consecutive normal Pap smears within the last 10 years.

Treatment for cervical dysplasia CIN 1 – 70 % spontaneous regression. CIN 2/3 lesions are usually surgically removed by: destruction (ablation) by carbon dioxide laser (photoablation) and cryocautery and removal (resection) by electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), cold knife conization.

Cancer of the cervix is the most common female genital cancer in developing countries every year about 500, 000 women , acquire the disease and 75% are from frame developing countries. About 300, 000 women also die from the disease annually and of these 75% are from developing countries

CERVICAL CARCINOMA Risk factors n n n n n 10 years from CIN III to cancer Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection - (16, 18, 31, 33, 35 and 6 more) Family History of Cervical Cancer Age – 35 -55 Sexual and Reproductive History Socioeconomic Status Smoking HIV Infection In Utero DES Exposure Oral contraceptives From initial infection to CIN III – 6 years

Types n n n Squamous cell Carcinomas q Cancer of flat epithelial cell q 80% to 90% Adenocarcinomas q Cancer from glandular epithelium q 10% - 20% Mixed carcinoma q Features both types

Stages of Cervical Carcinoma

What are the symptoms of cervical cancer? n Abnormal bleeding q q q n n Unusual vaginal discharge Other symptoms q q q n Between periods With intercourse After menopause Leg pain Pelvic pain Bleeding from the rectum or bladder Some women have no symptoms

Diagnosis n n n n Complaints Speculum examination. The cytological examination HPV screening involves a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Bimanual vaginal examination Rectovaginal examination Application of acetic acid and Colposcopy Biopsy.

What should I do if I have just been diagnosed with cervical cancer? n Discuss treatment options q Conization q Hysterectomy q Radical trachelectomy Surgical removal of the cervix and upper vagina with the surrounding tissues. uterine body remains Radical hysterectomy q Radiation with chemotherapy Ask about clinical trials (Gynecologic Oncology Group) Other considerations q Preserve your fertility q Preserve your ovaries q n n

Cervical cancer: What is the chance of survival after treatment? FIGO Stage 5 -Year Survival Stage I 81 -96% Stage II 65 -87% Stage III 35 -50% Stage IVA 15 -20%

Vaccines

Who should get the vaccine? n n n The FDA has recommended the following groups of women get vaccinated: q Girls 11– 12: Recommended Age Group (can be started as young as age 9). q Women 13– 26: the benefit of the vaccine may be lower depending on prior HPV exposure. The vaccine does not work to eliminate current HPV infections The vaccine only prevents certain types of HPV infection

Endometrial cancer precursors Endometrial hyperplasia an overgrowth of the lining of the uterus, is a precursor to the development of cancer. Abnormal uterine bleeding is usually the first symptom

Risk Indicators for Endometrial Cancer and Precursors Ø Age 60 years ØObesity (with upper body fat pattern)a Ø Estrogen-only replacement therapy ØPrevious breast cancer Ø Tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer ØChronic liver disease ØInfertility Ø Low parity Ø Chronic anovulation (Polycystic ovarian disease, estrogensecreting ovarian stroma or tumors)

WHO Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Endometrial Hyperplasi Simple Hyperplasia Without Cytologic Atypia Increased number of glands relative to stroma Dilated glands with irregular outlines Crowded, clustered glands Tall, columnar epithelium with nuclear pseudostratification Complex Hyperplasia Without Cytologic Atypia Increased number of glands relative to stroma Back-to-back glands (crowded glands with little or no intervening stroma Hyperplasia With Cytologic Atypia Variation of size and shape of nuclei Nuclear enlargement Loss of polarity Coarse chromatin clumping Prominent nucleoli

Endometrial hyperplasia Cystic hyperplasia Simple hyperplasia

Endometrial hyperplasia Atypical hyperplasia Simple hyperplasia

Endometrial biopsy

Diagnosis and treatment n n Intramuscular progesterone therapy. MPA (500 mg)therapy for 3 months; Micronized progesterone -cyclic natural micronized progesterone for 3 to 6 months; Levonorgestrel intrauterine device Gn. RH analogue for 6 months with sampling every 3 months is a reasonable option in patients without atypia.

According to the U. S. Gynecologic Oncology Group histologic grading system, 1 grade 1, well-differentiated carcinoma, consists of a neoplasm with less than 5% of solid cancer grade 2, moderately differentiated carcinoma, contains between 6% and 50% solid cancer grade 3, poorly differentiated carcinoma, is made up of more than 50% of solid tumor.

Modified WHO classification n n n endometrioid adenocarcinoma serous carcinoma clear cell carcinoma mucinous carcinoma serous carcinoma mixed types of carcinoma undifferentiated carcinoma

Clinical signs n Irregular vaginal bleeding, intermenstrual or post menopausal n Watery vaginal discharge may be present in postmenopausal women n Mass in late stages

Endometrial cancer: investigations n T. V. S. and biopsy Hysteroscopy and biopsy n ? M. R. I. Or C. T. scan n

Endometrial cancer: investigations

Endometrial cancer: treatment n n Operative: total abdominal hysterectomy and Bilateral Salpengooophorectomy +/_ lymph node dissection is the operation of choice. Adjuvant Radiotherapy for >1 b Chemotherapy ineffective Hormonal therapy, progestogens, in early or recurrent cases

5 – year survival rate for endometrial cancer

Ovarian Cancer n The 2 nd most common gynecologic malignancy Ø n The most frequent cause of death from gynecologic cancers Ø Ø n 27% of gynecologic cancers Due to advanced stage at the time of diagnosis 53% of all deaths from gynecologic cancers Incidence increases with age, most marked beyond 50 years, with increase continuing to age 70 years, and decrease after age 80 years

Risk factors n Family history of cancer n Personal history of cancer: Women who have had cancer of the breast, uterus, colon, or rectum have a higher risk of ovarian cancer Age over 55 Never pregnant: Menopausal hormone therapy: estrogen taking n n n

OVARIAN CANCER n n n primary (neoplasms derived from the ovarian surface epithelium, i. e. epithelial tumors), secondary (neoplasms derived from papillary or pseudomucinous cystadenomas) metastatic (intestinal and breasts’ metastasis).

Classification 3. Germ cell tumors – 510%: Serous (tubal) n Teratoma – Mucinous (endocx & intestinal) q Benign cystic (dermoid Endometrioid cysts) Transitional cell - Brenners. q Solid immature Clear cell q Monodermal – struma Stromal – 15 -20%: ovarii, carcinoid Granulosa-cell tumor n Dysgerminoma Thecoma n Yolk sac tumor Choricarcinoma Fibroma n Mixed germ cell tumor Sertoli-Leydig cell 4. Metastatic tumors – 5% tumors 1. Surface epithelial – 6570%: n n n 2.

Serous Cystadenoma

Papillary serous cystadenoma (solid/cystic)-borderline

Papillary cystadenoma (bor)

Thecoma • Solid tumor with variegated yellow - orange appearance. • Produces estrogens

Krukenberg Tumor

FIGO classification

Ovarian cancer - “silent n n n n n killer” Bloating Pelvic or abdominal pain Pain in the back or legs Diarrhea, gas, nausea, constipation, indigestion Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly Urinary symptoms (urgency or frequency) Pain during sex Abnormal vaginal bleeding Trouble breathing

Diagnosis n n n n Physical examination Pelvic examination Rectovaginal examination Ultrasound Magnetic resonance imaging CA-125 high falsepositive rate HE 4 marker more sensitive than CA 125 Laparoscopy, microscopy The combination of HE 4 and CA 125 was more sensitive than either marker alone - Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm (ROMA) is calculated

Treatment

Prognosis n n The five-year survival rate for all stages of ovarian cancer is 45. 5%. For cases where a diagnosis is made early in the disease, when the cancer is still confined to the primary site, the five-year survival rate is 92. 7%.