PreActivity Talkie Time Biological Facts about the animals

Pre-Activity Talkie Time: Biological Facts about the animals and human body

Competencies: 1. Define Science-Biology-Zoology 2. Review on the history and contributors in Zoological field 3. Identify the Areas of Zoology

Group Activity: Complete the definition Science – ______ body of ______ based on _______ and _____ gathered through _______ and _________.

Science – Systematize body of knowledge based on facts and principles gathered through experimentation and observation.

3 Divisions: 1. Pure Science – a science which explains the facts and principles about the universe. - Research conducted for acquiring knowledge. 2. Applied Science – uses scientific facts and principles to make things useful to man. Scientific knowledge used for practical knowledge/purpose. 3. Natural Science – A science which deals with the study of nature. Nature – refers to the entire physical universe and all organisms in it.

2 Division of Natural Science: Abstract – intangible sciences Concrete – tangible sciences 3 types of concrete science: Physical Science – non-living sciences Sociological Science – relationship, interaction Biological Science – living organism

3 divisions of Biology: 1. Botany – plants 2. Zoology – animals 3. Microbiology – microorganism

Historical Background of ZOOLOGY as a science 1. In ancient India, texts described some aspects of bird life, and in 2. Egypt, the metamorphosis of insects and frogs was described. Egyptians 3. and Babylonians also knew of anatomy and physiology in various forms. 4. In ancient Mesopotamia, animals were sometimes kept in what can be described as the first zoological gardens.

5. In the Greco-Roman world, scholars became more interested in rationalist methods. Greek scientist and philosopher Aristotle, during the 300 s B. C. E. , described many animals and their behaviors, and devoted considerable attention to categorizing them. 6. In ancient Rome, Pliny the Elder is known for his knowledge of nature. Later, Claudius Galen became a pioneer in medicine and anatomy.

7. The medieval period from the fifth century to early sixteenth century has often been called the dark age of biology. Of the Arab biologists, Al-Jahiz, who died about 868, is particularly noteworthy. He wrote Kitab al Hayawan (Book of animals). 8. In the 1200 s, the German scholar named Albertus Magnus wrote De vegetabilibus (seven books) and De animalibus (26 books). He discussed in some detail the reproduction of animals.

9. During the Renaissance, roughly from mid-1300 s C. E. to early 1600 s C. E. , naturalists described and classified many animals, and artists such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci contributed accurate drawings of animals. Many visual artists were interested in the bodies of animals and humans and studied the physiology in detail. Such comparisons as that between a horse leg and a human leg were made. Books about animals included those by Conrad Gesner

10. In the middle and late 1600 s, the pioneering use of the microscope led to insights on physiology, such as observations on blood by Marcello Malphighi, and on minute organisms by Robert Hooke, who published Micrographia in 1665, based on his observations using a compound microscope. Hooke described the compartments of cork tissue as "cells. " 11. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632– 1723), who made more than 400 microscopes himself, was the first person to view single-celled microbes.

12. Systematizing and classifying dominated biology throughout much of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Carolus Linnaeus (1707– 1778), a Swedish botanist, developed a classification for animals based on shared characteristics. His new system greatly standardized the rules for grouping and naming animals and plants. 13. At this time, the long-held idea that living organisms could originate from nonliving matter (spontaneous generation) began to crumble, particularly through the work of Louis Pasteur (1822– 1895).

14. 1859, Charles Darwin, with his publication of The Origin of Species, placed theory of organic evolution on a new footing, by his marshalling of evidence for evolution by descent with modification, and by presentation of a process by which it could occur, theory of natural selection. Darwin's theories revolutionized the zoological and botanical sciences.

15. Gregor Mendel's experiments hybridizing certain cultivated varieties of plants were presented in 1865 and published in 1866, but failed to attract notice until thirty-five years later in the early twentieth century, sixteen years after his death. Mendel's object was to gain a better understanding of the principles of heredity. Mendel made his chief experiments with cultivated varieties of the selffertilizing edible pea. When the importance of Mendel's work was realized, it led to the merging of Darwinian theories with an understanding of heredity, resulting in the "modern evolutionary synthesis" or neo-Darwinism. The modern synthesis was integral to the development of much of zoology in the twentieth century.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND General Biology: 1. Greeks – 500 B. C. 2. Aristotle – father of biology - studied the hearts and brain of animals – he described the warming 3. Galen – greatest authority in human anatomy – model – barbary ape. - student – Andreas Versalius – created a book in anatomy. 4. William Harvey – physiologist – studied the circulation of blood. 5. 1800’s – Marie Francois Bichat – discovered that organs are made of tissues.

6. Robert Hooke – 1665 – coined the term cell – basic unit of life. 7. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – made the first microscope - discovered the single-celled organism - animalicules 8. James Watson and Francis Crick – discovered the double helix DNA – made DNA model. 9. Jean de Baptiste Lamarck – introduces theory in evolution – Use and Disuse and Spontaneous Generation Theory. 10. Charles Darwin – father of evolution – book Origin of Species - theory known as Natural Selection

11. Gregor Jahann Mendel – father of genetics 12. Louis Pasteur – father of bacteriology 13. Dorothy Hodgkin – studied the structure of penicillin and Vitamin B 12 14. Alexander Fleming – discovered the penicillin. 15. Jonas Salk – discovered the polio-vaccine injectible. 16. Paul Erick – introduce the chemotheraphy.

General Zoology: Ancient Period: Plato – Atlantis – the cradle of civilization Anaximander – first evolutionary theory – that man developed from fishes to fishes with action of mudlight. Hirophilus – discovered the retina of the eye and optic nerve of the brain. Diogenes – first to give the anatomical description of man. Xenophanes – wrote about marine fossils Hipporcratis – father of medicine.

Notable zoologists 1. Louis Agassiz (malacology, ichthyology) 2. Aristotle 3. Charles Darwin 4. Richard Dawkins (ethology) 5. Diane Fossey (primatology) 6. William Kirby (father of entomology) 7. Carolus Linnaeus (father of systematics) 8. Konrad Lorenz (ethology) 9. Ernst Mayr (1905 -2005) (influential evolutionary biologist, one of the founders of the "modern synthesis" of evolutionary theory in the 1940 s. ) 10. Desmond Morris (ethology) 11. E. O. Wilson(entomology, founder of sociobiology)

Medieval period: 1. Leonardo da Vinci – give definition of fossil. 2. Konrad Gesner – frenchman who illustrated the first workbook in zoology. 3. Gullaume Rondelet – comparative anatomy of fishes. 4. Pierre Belon – divided the fishes into bony and cartilaginous one.

5. Fallopio – reproductive system 6. Paracelsus – pathology 7. Columbus – hearing sense. 8. Cesalpino – circulatory system

17 th - 18 th Century: 1. Bartholin – lymphatic system 2. Wharton – Glands in the body 3. Marcelo Malphigi – father of Histology 4. Jan Swammerdam – father of entomology 5. Rudolphi – father of modern parasitology

19 th – 20 th Century: 1. Karl Ernst Von Baer - germ layer – father of Embryology 2. Leydig – Tissue formation 3. Purkinje – discovered the purkinje fiber in the cerebellum of the brain. 4. August Weismann – Chromosomes 5. Thomas Morgan – breeding experiment of the fruit fly 6. Arthur Komkerg – synthesis of DNA

Areas of Specialization : General Zoology 1. Morphology – study of forms and structure of organism 2. Anatomy - study of the parts of the organism 3. Physiology – study of functions of the parts. 4. Cytology – cell 5. Histology – tissues 6. Muscles – Myology 7. Embryology – growth and development of new organism. 8. Ecology – study of organism and their environment.

9. Taxonomy – classification of organism. 10. Genetics – heredity 11. Evolution – origin of the organism. 12. Microbiology – microorganism 13. Biochemistry – chemistry of living organism. 14. Entomology – insects 15. Ichthyology – fishes 16. Ornithology – birds 17. Herpetology

16. Mammalogy – mammals 17. Anthropology – study of man 18. Conchology – shells 19. Parasitology – parasites 20. Helminthology – worms/parasites 21. Study of mollusks – malacology 22. Study of spiders – arachnology 23. Study of one-celled animals –protozoology

24. Nutrition – science of food conversion 25. Ethology – Animal behavior 26. Paleontology – fossils 27. Zoogeography – animal distribution 28. Endocrinology – hormonal actions 29. Cryptozoology - study of unknown & unclassified species

30. Virology = Study of virus 31. Cindology = Study of coelenterates. 32. Euthenics = Study of improvement of human race through laws of heredity. 33. Karyology = Study of nucleus.

Branches of Zoology related to the medical science 34. Epidemiology =Study of epidemic diseases. 35. Immunology =Study of defense and resistance against any diseases. 36. Enzymology = Study of enzymes. 37. Hematology =Study of blood. 38. Cardiology =Study of heart. 39. Oesteology =Study of bones. 40. Endocrinology =study of endocrine glands and hormones.

Highly Specialized Field 1. acarology a division of zoology that studies mites and ticks. — acarologist, 2. carcinology the branch of zoology that studies crustaceans. — carcinologist, 3. cetology the study of whales. — cetologist, n. 4. coadunation the state or condition of being united by growth. — coadunate 5. coccidology the branch of zoology that studies scales, mealy bugs, and other members of the family 6. crustaceology the branch of zoology that studies crustaceans.

7. cynology the branch of zoology that studies the dog, especially its natural history. 8. echinology the branch of zoology that studies echinoderms. 9. epimorphosis development of an organism or form of animal life in which body segmentation is complete before hatching. — epimorphic, adj. 10. lepidopterology the branch of entomology that studies butterflies. —. 11. zoonomy, zoonomia the laws of animal life or the animal kingdom. 12. zoopathology the study or science of the diseases of animals; animal pathology. 13. zoophysiology the physiology of animals, as distinct from that of humans. 14. zootaxy zoological classification; the scientific classification of animals.

Tools in Biology: 1. Optical Instruments 2. Non – Optical Instruments 3. Complicated Technology 3. 1 Centrifuges – used to separate the parts of cell by spinning it around the solution. 3. 2 Microdissection Apparatus – used to control movement of instrument to work on minute organism. 3. 3 Computer – data purposes. 3. 4 Microscopes – produced greatly magnified images

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 9. Adaptation to Changes 8. Response to stimuli 1. Organized Protoplasm 10. Ability to Move 7. Definite Life span 2. Cellular Organization 6. Ability to Reproduce 3. Constant Energy Requirements 5. Definite Size & Form 4. Ability to grow

Properties of Living Systems • • 1) Chemical Uniqueness Made up of large molecules MACROMOLECULES Four categories Nucleic Acids Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids

Properties of Living Systems • • • 2) Complexity and Hierarchical Organization One level builds on previous level Macromolecules Cells Tissue Organs Organ system etc Emergent Characteristics – Unique characteristics that appear at a given level of organization

Properties of Living Systems • • • 3) Reproduction Replacement of individuals in a population Types of Reproduction Asexual Sexual

Properties of Living Systems • • 4) Possession of a Genetic Program Faithful transmission of traits – Heredity Information contained in Genes Specifically encoded in the DNA

Properties of Living Systems • 5) Metabolism • Complex chemical processes that go on in cells – provide energy • Two processes • Anabolism – Building up reactions • Catabolism – Breaking down reactions

Properties of Living Systems • 6) Growth / Development • Changes that take place during the life of an organism • Metamorphosis – The transformation that take place in post-embryonic stages

Properties of Living Systems • 7) Environmental Interaction • Ecology – Study of interactions between organisms and their environment • Organisms responding to stimuli from environment • IRRITABILITY

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMALS 1. MADE UP OF PROTOPLASM – THEN TO CELL 2. THE SAME METABOLIC PROCESSES.

CHIEF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMALS PLANTS ANIMALS 1. Autotrophic 1. Heterotrophic 2. Rigid cell wall with cellulose 2. none. Cell membrane 3. Oxygen is a waste product 3. Carbon. Dioxide 4. restricted movement 4. locomotive 5. variable body size & shape 5. fixed 6. Organs are added externally 6. internally added 7. restricted response 7. pronounced response 8. Carbohydrates as starch 8. glycogen 9. spores/asexual reproduction 9. fertilization

CHARLES DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION

• • • Charles Darwin Galapagos Islands 1859 – Published “The Origin of Species” Major obstacle – Heredity not understood 5 major theories

DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION • 1) Perpetual Change • Living world is neither constant nor cyclic instead is constantly changing • Fossil Evidence • 99% of species that once lived on the planet now extinct

DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION • 2) Common Descent • All forms of life descended from a common ancestor through branching lineages • PHYLOGENY • DNA studies – Provide evidence

DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION • • • 3) Multiplication of Species new species are produced by the splitting and transformation of older ones Process known as – Speciation

DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION • 4) Gradualism • Large differences that characterize different species, originate through the accumulation of small changes over a period of time • Did not take place overnight – but over geological time

DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION • 5) Natural Selection • Explains why organisms are constructed the way they are • To meet the demands of their environment • Survival of the Fittest

Application: What specific area/s in Zoology are you interested to study if given a research fund? And what is the research endeavor all about? How will the study of Zoology help you understand life? How will it prepare you should you take up health Science course in college?

By ‘life, ’ we mean a thing that can nourish itself and grow and decay. Having Life is a priceless gift one can have. Cherish it while it last. Aristotle, 384 BC to 322 BC Scientist, Philosopher