Pre Renaissance Stuff Mr Zurcher PLHS Bell Ringer

Pre Renaissance Stuff Mr. Zurcher PLHS

Bell Ringer 1. What is World Civilization 2. In 5 -7 sentences, explain why is world civilization important to you? 3. What language do Austrians speak?

The Dark Age: Why was it dark outside? Possible Reasons: Electricity wasn’t invented = No Light Bulbs Blind epidemic Days were shorter back then Volcanic ash blocked the sun None of the above The Dark Ages = Period of little education, , European Isolation, no social or economical mobility, and no sense of direction. Feudal Europe

Feudal Europe (800 -1400) FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE = EUROPE THROWN INTO (agent) CHAOS Feudalism = form of Government based on social class and land ownership Warlords tried to gain land by going to war with others who were trying to gain land in hopes of pronouncing themselves king King/Queen----Lords------Knights------peasants No social mobility

Feudalism led to Isolation 99. 9% of people were peasants Kings offered Lords land in exchange for their loyalty Lords offered knights land in exchange for their loyalty/protection Knights offered peasants work (on their land) in exchange for protection 1. People lived in constant fear 2. No Education= didn’t know how to think for themselves (Kings and Church)

3 Major Monotheistic Religions (Abrahamic Religions) Christianity (2. 2 billion worldwide) Islam ( 1. 6 billion worldwide) Judaism ( 14 million worldwide) Monotheistic = Belief in only 1 God

Judaism Oldest of the main monotheistic religions Belief that God made the Jewish people His own chosen people (Israel) and gave them the land of Israel (The Holy Land) Father of the Jewish faith is Abraham Does not seek converts

Christianity and the Holy Catholic Church Believes Jesus Christ is God and the savior of the world (descendent of Abraham) We tell time from His death ( He died 2016 years ago) Opens up salvation and relationship with God to everyone (Not just Jews) Actively seeks converts Jesus establishes the Catholic Church----although there are 33 thousand Christian denominations world wide, there was only 1 before the 1600 s. The Holy Roman Catholic Church will dominate culture and power in Europe for

Bell Work What does monotheistic means? What are the 3 main monotheistic religions today? In 3 -5 sentences, describe Feudal Europe? Who was on top and who was on the bottom?

Catholic Church cont Why was it so powerful and why did it dominate society? 1. It was the only stable thing around in a world of great uncertainty 2. It held teaching authority in all realms of truth. (Science, Ethics, Faith, Spiritual, etc…) 3. Was the common bond of all Europeans. (Pope held the most power and many kings and queens adhered to the pope) 4. In an uneducated world, the Catholic clergy were the only one’s educated 5. Logically, people thought that educated must be smarter than me. 6. In a cruel and uncertain world, people relied on their Catholic faith for HOPE

The Rise and Spread of Islam Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, was born in Western Arabia around 570 He was called, in a vision by God, to spread the Islamic faith. He wrote down the message from God in the writing from the Koran (The Holy Book of Muslims) Caliph-a leader or ruler of Muslims after Muhammad death Islam spreads quickly around

Islam cont. People of the Middle East were loyal only to their kin When the message of Islam was received, they had something that would unite the land of the Middle East Although Muslims taxed Christians and Jews at a high rate, they let them practice their religion in peace Muhammed is said to have ascended into Heaven in Jerusalem (Dome of the Rock) Thus, Jerusalem (The Holy Land) becomes extremely important to Christians, Muslims, and Jews

Muslims Capture the Holy Land in year 637

Islam Influence Spreads

Islamic Influence • Muslims take full advantage of their location as they become great merchants and traders • Muslim strongholds in the Middle East helped them to become modern in many aspects: 1. Education 2. Economically 3. Scientific

1. Where do you think this is taking place? 2. What do you think is taking place? 3. What characters are being depicted

Merchants and the Merchant Class A merchant is a business person who trades in commodities produced by other people in order to earn a profit. Often in the buying and selling of goods Often in the transportation business (sailors, etc. . )

Christians try to take back the Holy Land The Crusades (1095) The Crusades: A 200 -year period of conflict and violence between Muslims and Christians

Pope Urban II • Pope Urban II – The pope is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church. During the 11 th century, the pope was essentially the leader of all Christians, and was in some ways more powerful than any king. • Promised all forgiveness of sins, riches, adventure

Saladin – Sultan (king) of Syria and Egypt in the late 12 th century. He led Muslim armies to great victories against Christian crusaders, including Richard the Lionheart, and recaptured the city of Jerusalem.

Impact of the Crusades Established trade routes into the more advanced Arab world---More contact with advanced technology, science, medicine, etc… Much of the population died = people were able to move up in society Demand for spices and riches from the Arab world sparked an interest into the Europeans Recovery of classic Greek and Latin art that

Population of Afroeurasia Population 1300 CE Population 1400 CE Europe: 70 million Europe: 52 million SW Asia: 21 million SW Asia: 19 million China: 83 million China: 70 milliom So, what happened?

Where?

The Bubonic Plague The Black Death was a bacteria (probably) It lived in rats, who were bitten by fleas, which in turn bit humans (people were not very clean, and cities were worse) It spread along trade routes From China to Italy (Silk Road)

When 1340’s – 1350’s Earlier plagues had occurred before…and plagues would occur again. This one was particularly severe, and also was one for which we have a lot of recorded history…

HOW IT SPREAD Trade People bitten by fleas Direct contact with the infection (Air born)

The Coroner’s Report: The Plague http: //www. history. com/ topics/blackdeath/videos#coronersreport-plague

Impact of the Black Death Caused huge amount of loss---About 1/3 of all of Afroeurasia and 2/3 of the population in Europe Caused huge amount of fear----The Black Death did not discriminate (Priests, Bishops, Lords, Knights) Skepticism of the power of the Catholic Church + Upward mobility + The high death toll of the plague era created economic opportunity for people of the lower classes. There was also a psychological effect in seeing that members of the aristocracy and upper classes were not immune to the effects of the plague. While it was a devastating event, the next era was one of fantastic scientific and artistic achievement known as the Renaissance.

Why are the Crusades and the Black Death Important Got EUROPE OUT OF ISOLATION Upward mobility-(because of all the deaths) led to a stronger, more independent worker. Merchant Class (Business men) = People began to think that their lives could be different and better = economic prosperity Merchant- A merchant is a businessperson who trades in commodities produced by others, in order to earn a profit.

Central Theme: TRADE, TRADE! Trading networks change the world!! Almost all change occurs due to trading networks that were established one way or the other Human Beings do NOT only trade good but more important things: IDEAS, Beliefs, Technology, Religion, Culture etc….

The Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance in Italy Renaissance = Rebirth in the spirit if learning found in Roman and Greek societies Rebirth from the disorder of the Middle Ages A time of great cultural and social change that will in turn in economic and political change

Humanism Intellectual movement that studies and celebrates the human condition…. (The Dark Ages taught that human beings were a sinful and filthy race in dire need of God’s grace) Humanists would want to know things like: grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history---we

Renaissance Starts in Italy: Why Italy? Italy was center of the Roman Empire Roman Catholic Church was patron of the arts Was center of TRADE between European and Muslim world Muslims had saved important historic documents from Constantinople and shared them with Italian places of learning

Why Italy? Cont. Italy had developed vibrant city-states • This was unusual compared to the rest of Europe In these city states a vibrant merchant class develops • • Merchant class is the backbone of the Renaissance and Reformation Economic supporter of the arts = Patron

Bell Ringer Who is the Backbone of the Italian Renaissance Explain how and why they are the backbone? Define patron:

The Medici Family of Florence Became wealthy from trading and banking One of the first families to have major influence on a culture outside of a government---all due to their wealth Controlled Florence officially and unofficially for centuries

Erasmus Dutch Humanist Catholic Priest Called for reform in the Catholic Churhc Edited the New Testament in Latin = Opened up avenues to read the text “It is the chiefest point of happiness that a man is willing to be what he is”

Petrarch (1304 -1374) • Considered the father of humanism • Coined the term “Dark Ages” • Famous for his poems and works in literature

Petrarch is traditionally called the father of Humanism and considered by many to be the "father of the Renaissance. In his work Secretum meum he points out that secular achievements did not necessarily preclude an authentic relationship with God. Petrarch argued instead that God had given humans their vast intellectual and creative potential to be used to their fullest. [43] He inspired humanist philosophy which led to the intellectual flowering of the Renaissance. He believed in the immense moral and practical value of the study of ancient history and literature – that is, the study of human thought and action. Petrarch was a devout Catholic and did not see a conflict between realizing humanity's potential and having religious faith.

Merchant Project Pretend you were a peasant who had heard about the opportunity and wealth that is being created in Italy. You decide do move down there and start your own business in the early 1500 s. In brochure format, advertise your business to the people of the world/Italy. Be sure to include: 1. What your business is. What good or service are you providing 2. Why should people visit your store or choose you among others like you? What sets you a part? 3. Where are you located in Italy 4. On the back, create an “About Me’ section, Explaining how you started the business, where you came from as a lowly peasant, why you started, and what makes your business exceptional

Renaissance Art Reflected the ideals of Humanism • Thus, it was more life like and depicting human achievement = REALISM • Perspective: Artists painted scenes that looked 3 dimensional by making objects • Used shading to reflect light

Leonardo de Vinci (14521519) Genius of Invention Artist, Botanist, anatomy, musician, architect, and engineer. Sketched models for flying machines and underwater boats Renaissance Man: Someone who possesses many talents

The Mona Lisa

The Last Supper

Renaissance Man?

Michelangelo (1475 -1564) Sculptor, Engineer, Artist, Poet and Architect

David

Pieta

Sistine Chapel

Bell Ringer Read About the Printing Press on page 56 and the primary source documents on page 81 of your textbook. Answer the Who What When Where Why and Effects for it.

The Renaissance in the North

The Printing Revolution In 1455 Johann Gutenberg expanded upon the Chinese and created the 1 st moveable type printing press He first printed the Bible, naming it the Gutenberg Bible Importance of the Printing Press • Sparked an interest in reading (most people couldn’t read) People wanted and could now easily be educated • Thousands of books were now easily available to the general public

Northern Writers The printing press made books more available to the general population. Now we need the language to adjust to be suitable for the general population as well And so come the vernacular Vernacular – language of the everyday person Writing with a more common language will appeal to a new middle class

Erasmus (1466? -1536) Called for the translation of the Bible to the vernacular Before it was only written in Latin or Greek and only the clergy could read from it o Made humanism popular in the North o Translated the Bible into the vernacular o. Questioned practices of the Church

William Shakespeare Wrote 37 plays, many of which are still celebrated today Explored Renaissance ideals of complexity of the individual and the importance of the classics More than 1700 new words appear in his works

Saint Thomas More Wrote Utopia: a book describing the ideal society where men and women live together in harmony Called for reform in the Catholic Church

The Renaissance in Perspective Unlike a war or other concise events, the Renaissance was a gradual movement that most involved those in the highest social class The Renaissance Crash Course

On Your ½ Sheet 1. List 5 Grievances you have against the rules at PLHS. Be sure to not include any names of people. Again, these are only rules. 2. Give your Grievances a Title 3. Explain in detail how you will get the rules to change. Be specific

Class TASK As a class, decide on 10 different people to present 10 different grievances to present to me, Mr. Kalina. You will have 8 minutes to organize how you will present. (Karli Eckert will be Martin Luther and head of organizing the movement) I (Mr. Kalina) will decide if the rule will change

The Protestant Reformation

Background to Reformation Most people were poor-uneven distribution of wealth from Renaissance Printing press and the Vernacular made people more literate and informed of ideas including humanism People see the Catholic Church participating in wars and buying expensive artwork--Pope scandals People grow tied of paying extra fees to support the Church and its activities

Catholic Church Misdeeds Perhaps the biggest misdeed is the church’s selling of indulgences Indulgence - forgiveness of sins Indulgences used to only be granted for good deeds However, as the church needed money to buy artwork, defend itself, some clergy sold indulgences Legitimacy of the Pope Catholic devotion to Virgin Mary, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, the sacraments, mandatory clerical celibacy, monasticism, further on the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and excommunication, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and the sacraments

Martin Luther Saw himself disillusioned by what he saw as the growing worldliness and corruption of the Catholic Church. The final straw was when a priest was selling indulgences to pay for the reconstruction of a cathedral. He promised entry into heaven for purchasers, even entry for the dead family members

Luther’s 95 Theses In response, Luther drew up 95 Theses or arguments against what he saw as church misdeeds In the 95 Theses, Luther argues, amongst other things that: Indulgences have no basis in the Bible The pope has no authority to release souls from purgatory Christians could be saved through only faith

Luther: Movie 1. What kind of relationship does Luther have with his Father? What insight does this give us as to why he is so hard on himself? 2. What is Luther’s relationship like with God? How does Luther see himself in relation to God? 3. Where does Luther go to study? What does he eventually become? 4. What are some major flaws Luther sees in some practices in the Church?

Luther: Movie 1. Who was Father Tetzel and what did he aim to do? How did Catholic Church utilize him? 2. To protest against the misdeeds of the Church, what did Luther do? 3. What was briefly shown in the movie that help spread Luther’s ideas? 4. What did Luther do to his writing which the Pope called “Luther’s sword? ” He would also accuse Luther of not “playing

Luther: Bell Ringer 1. What main effect did Luther have on the breaking away from the Catholic Church 2. What differences did Luther have with the Catholic Church 3. How did Luther embody Renaissance ideals?

Martin Luther Close Read “I have cast the die…. . I will not reconcile myself to them [the Roman Catholic Church] for all eternity…Let them condemn and burn all that belongs to me; in return I will do as much for them…Now I no longer fear, and I am publishing a book in the German tongue [language] about Christian reform, directed against the pope, in language as violent as if I were addressing the Antichrist [devil]” -Martin Luther 1. Identify the main purpose of the document 2. Identify 2 things that Martin Luther intends to do 3. Underline your golden line (the line you think best summarizes the document/excerpt)

Luther’s ideas ignite a firestorm Luther refuses to recant his ideas He urges Christians to reject the authority of Rome He begins to argue that the church could only be reformed by secular authorities Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther

How do Luther’s ideas stray from the Catholic Church All people should have access to God Encourages schools for children to learn to read the Bible Bans indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints Permits clergy to marry People are saved through Faith alone (not by good

The Peasant Revolt Some of Luther’s ideas take hold with the poor---who call for the end of serfdom A series of peasants revolts take place, killing tens of thousands of people Luther calls to suppress the revolt v IDEA of Revolting against the STATUS QUO was gaining traction

The Peace of Augsburg Charles V, tried to force the Lutheran German princes back into the Catholic Church This FAILS! The Peace of Augsburg (1555) allowed for the princes to determine which their subjects will be either Lutheran or Catholic

Switzerland Reformation John Calvin expanded on Reformation ideals Predestination- idea that your salvation was predetermined by God before you were even born Known as Calvanism Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland

The Vernacular Because people had access to the Bible in their own language for the first time in history, they began to interpret the Bible on their own accord Solo scriptura

Reformation Ideas Spread

An Explosion of Protestant Sects Sect= a religious group that breaks away from an established church (particularly Roman Catholicism) Anabaptists- reject infant baptism Baptists Mennonites Amish

English Reformation After 18 years of marriage, Cathryn of Aragon cant bare King Henry VIII a male heir. (Has daughter, Mary) Wanting to marry Ann Boleyn, he seeks annulment from his Catholic Bishop and Pope and is denied Furious, he takes the church under state control in England King Henry gives church control to Thomas Cranmer, who grants the annulment Henry breaks way from Catholic Church, establishing the Church of England (Church’s main influence is from King or Queen)

English Church becomes Anglican Church Henry closes Catholic monastaries and seizes its lands He will keep most Catholic traditions but his son, Edward will take steps to make England a truly Protestant country Edward- Protestant Mary- Catholic Elizabeth – compromise

The Tudors After Edward dies, Mary takes the throne After Mary, Elizabeth rules justly (combined Catholic traditions with Protestant faith) Elizabeth Settlement https: //www. youtube. com/wat ch? v=y. XL 4 WL 9 y 9 qg

Bell Ringer 1. Who was John Calvin and what theological concept did he advocate for? 2. Who started the protestant reformation in England? 3. Why did Henry VIII want to divorce his first wife and what was his daughters name with his first wife? 4. What could happen when people feel they have the right to interpret the Bible on their own?

Catholic Counter Reformation Purpose was to roll back wave of Protestantism and to gain authority of the church Council of Trent- met off and on for 20 years Declared faith and works are required for entry into heaven Inquisitionestablished to ride church of heretics (= a false teaching) Included torture, execution, and many threats

Widespread Persecution: The Inquisition While the inquisition occurred mostly in southern Europe, witch hunts occurred in both the south and northern Europe While most places allowed Jews to worship for centuries, many will begin to place restrictions on them and other will force them to move.

Founding of the Jesuits • Ignatius of Loyola founds the Jesuits (Society of Jesus) • A Jesuit has spiritual and moral discipline, rigorous religious training and absolute religious obedience • Best knows for their schools and missionaries

The Scientific Revolution Changing the View of the Universe Copernicus proposed heliocentric theory in 1543 (sun is the center of the universe) Tycho Brahe expands on the heliocentric theory by observing sky for years Johannes Kepler used math to formulate that the planets orbited in and oval shape, not circular

Galileo’s Heresies Galileo Galilei constructed a telescope and observed patterns that confirmed what Copernicus theorized He was tried under the Inquisition and was under house arrest for life

Philosophy: How to Think Philosopher Francis Bacon and Renee Descartes argue that truth isn’t at the beginning of inquiry but rather at the end of inquiry, AFTER OBSERVATION

Advances In Chemistry and Physics Robert Boyle studies chemistry. He was the 1 st to distinguish elements from chemical compounds and also the 1 st to look at the relationship between temp. and gad Isaac Newton discovered the force that hold the world together, gravity He will argue nature obeys certain laws, most of which can be described mathematically

IPAD TIMELINE 1. Log into the IPAD and open up the TIMELINE app on the self serving app. 2. Create a New Timeline with THE KEY TERMS from your Study Guide. Gutenberg Theory John Calvin Heliocentric Printing Press Henry VIII Galileo 95 Theses Newton Catholic Reformation Isaac Peasant Revolts Mary Tudor Peace of Augsburg Elizabethan Settlement