Practical Research 2 The Nature of Inquiry and

Practical Research 2: The Nature of Inquiry and Research VON CHRISTOPHER G. CHUA von_christopher_chua@dlsu. edu. ph

The Nature of Inquiry and Research Our Learning Goals: After this discussion, you are expected to have the ability to… 1. describe characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of quantitative research; 2. differentiate kinds of variables according to scales of measure; and 3. contrast kinds of quantitative research. This slideshow presentation will be made available through the trainer’s website: mathbychua. weebly. com. Download the document to use it as reference.

Let’s look back… 1. How would you define practical research? 2. Why is it important for a SHS student to know the process of conducting research? 3. Give some examples of research opportunities or topics relevant to both your interests and your SHS strand.

Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information in order to increase our understanding of a phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned (Leedy Defining Research & Ormrod, 2013).

works with a system or method unbiased; all angles presented Research is a systematic and objective creation of knowledge. (Creswell, 2013) a creative Defining Research Present the answer Collect data to answer to the question process Pose a question

1 Add to existing knowledge. 2 Improve practice. 3 Inform policies 4 Solve problems, not emergencies. Why DO RESEARCH?

In comparison toqualitative research. 1 single realityvs. multiple realities 2 establishing relationships and explaining cause of correlationvs. understanding situations in a participant’s perspective 3 pre-established designvs. emerging design Quantitativ e Research detached researchervs. immersed 4 researcher 5 to generalizevs. to assess applicability Fraenkel & Wallen, 2009

Quantitive Research Its STRENGTHSand WEAKNESSES rs e b m nu l) f a o c i t n s o i tat cisi s e ( r e P c lts n ü u a s c i e f i r at ign of h s s t f e – o s l s e ed v ne n i e k e L a m l n e r a o ü e l t t W a o e t g e d nc be recrhs for ssin a a e h n r e c a s d c o b g e d t s n R m A i i e l s u e u p y n v l d i e f m a a nativ ot s a itaacty o n t f o t e t n i o r t a u e a h n u q pqtua on Qade r e p d g n s d I s n i n n e ü yi sl einado i c r s a e u l e r t r r p u c o u i c d ac am S s n i ü p. Rig rchnpr 1 o 0 c 0 e% ü o s i , y t. l c g a. u n e r a a t a , s h e d s te eesss t oantive ionrsons bia r c u t p t L i n l m e a ü u co m ast(pe q u e r f r t b t o t s s i n c n n n a e i i bj to Error c gd, itio nd aodfm ) u n i s d l d e p t A or c s s ü r e a r l e d l samü t e o o o g h c u t q lin rleme p a a m a t a c a using s i dtist ts l m u a o t s h s e r w n otim ns i tatistical r o f p um pport s s s A ü su

A variable varies and has values. The values of variables under study are the research data. Are these variables? color, chair, shape of table, tweet, shirt style. How are these different? Quantitative and qualitative variables Discrete and continuous variables Variables

ACTIVITY TWO Which goes where? AGE GRADE LEVEL GENDER • • • Daily Allowance Availability of Internet Connection Time Temperature Test Score Position in Student Government Cellphone Brand Height Cellphone number Class rank in the honor roll Classify the variables at the right based on their “likelihood” to the three others in the color-coded columns.

A variable varies and has values. The values of variables under study are the research data. Are these variables? chair, shape of table, tweet, shirt style. Classifying Variables according to Scales of Measure Variables ORDINAL NOMINAL RATIO INTERVAL IDENTITY MAGNITUDE EQUAL INTERVALS ABSOLUTE ZERO

Quantitative Research Designs Studying relationships Correla tional n-experimental research Describing characteristics Descrip tive Experi mental Manipulating conditions and studying effects

Quantitative Research Designs A cross-sectional survey collects information from a sample coming from various groups that has been drawn from a predetermined population. Descriptive Research Sometimes called survey research, it aims to describe systematically the facts and characteristics of a given population or area of interest, factually and accurately Examples: What are the sleeping habits of SHS students in DLSAU? What factors affected the SHS track choice of SHS students? Your Turn Consider your chosen research interest or topic. Come up with a research question that falls under descriptive research.

Quantitative Research Designs Explanatory research design determines the extent to which two variables (or more) co-vary. Your Turn Consider your chosen research interest or topic. Come up with a research question that falls under correlational research. Correlational Research aims to describe and measure the degree of association between two or more variables or sets of scores. Examples: Prediction research design Does seeks to wearing identify school variables uniform any that willhave predict relationship students’ an outcomewith or criterion. ability to participate? Is there a relationship between phone brand Facebook usage among teens?

Quantitative Research Designs Independent variable Experimental Research attempts to influence a particular variable Dependent variable tests hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships Types True experiments EG: R O 1 x O 2 CG: R O 1 x O 2 Quasi-experiments EG: O 1 x O 2 CG: O 1 x O 2

ACTIVITY ONE Determine the design • Internet availability at home and student’s average sleeping time at night • Social media involvement and practices of Grade 12 HUMSS students • The effect of the use of <a local packaging material> on the shelf life of a product. • The marketability of <innovative product> to SHS students. • Children of single parents and their level of Math anxiety. As a group, decide on a researchable topic leading to a quantitative research suited to the level of SHS students.