Practical II Based on Paper VII VIII Animal

Practical II Based on Paper VII & VIII

Animal Diversity (Chordate)-Paper-IV �A. Classification and Morphological peculiarities of the following up to orders: �Reptilia �Aves �Mammals

Reptilia Classification Crocodilia- Aquatic, large, covered with bony plates& epidermal scales

Reptilia � They are cold blooded � Terrestrial, aquatic � Carnivorous few are herbivorous � Body is covered with scales � Respiration by lungs � Heart is incompletely four chambered � Nucleated RBCs � Fertilization is internal generally oviparous, few are ovo-viviparous � Twelve pair of cranial nerves present. � Reptilia is further classified into four sub-classes

� Sub-class: - Anapsida- No temporal fossa � Sub-class: - Parapsida- Single upper temporal fossa � Sub-class: - Diapsida- Two lower temporal fossa � Sub-class: - Synapsida- Single lower temporal fossa

Sub-class: - Diapsida Orders Rhynchocephalia Squamata (Living fossils) Ex. Shenodon Crocodilia Ex. Crocodile Aligator Sub-ordes Lacertilia Ex. Phrynosoma Daco, Chamaeleon Ophidia Ex. Cobra, krait, viper etc

Reptilia • • Chameleon Gecko Cobra Crocodile

Chameleon Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Sub phylum Vetebrata- Vertebral column Class: Reptilia- Cold blooded, Creeping animals Order: Squamata- Present day reptiles Suborder: Iacertilia-

Gecko Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Scleroglossa Infraorder: Gekkota

Cobra Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Elapidae Genus: Ophiophagus

Crocodile Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Superorder: Crocodylomorpha Order: Crocodilia Family: Crocodylidae Subfamily: Crocodylinae

Aves-Clasification

Aves 1 - Body covered with feathers, warm blooded, capable of filght 2 - Jaws are modified in to beaks or bills & no teeth 3 -Fore limbs are modified in to wings & hind limbs with 4 clawed toes adapted for walking perching and swimming 4 - Bones are spongy with air cavities 5 -Lung having additional air sacs 6 - Heart is 4 chambered nucleated RBCs 7 - The sexes are separate 8 - Only left ovary is present. fertilization is internal oviparous 9 -Migration & ideal parental care 10 - Urinary bladder absent.

Emu Ostrich

2 toad african Ostrich Extinct bird Archeopteryx

Aves • • Duck Kite Woodpecker Sparrow Sunbird Vulture Kingfisher

Duck Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae

Kite Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Subclass: Neornithes Infraclass: Neognathae Superorder: Neoaves Order: Falconiformes

Woodpecker Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Subclass: Neornithes Infraclass: Neognathae Superorder: Neoaves Order: Piciformes Suborder: Pici Family: Picidae

Sparrow Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Superfamily: Passeroidea Family: Passeridae

Sunbird Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Suborder: Passeri Family: Nectariniidae

Vulture Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Subclass: Neornithes Infraclass: Neognathae Superorder: Neoaves Order: Falconiformes

Kingfisher Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Coraciiformes Suborder: Alcedines

Class- Mammalia is derived from the word mamma meaning breast or milk gland. They habitat in aquatic, terrestrial, Arial arboreal. They may be herbivorous, carnivorous, omnivorous, insectivorous. They have intellectual capacities. Diagnostic Characters 1. Presence of hairs on body 2. Presence of external ear-lobe ( pinna) 3. Presence of mammary glands, sweat gland & sebaceous glands. 4. Presence of well developed larynx. 5. Presence of highly developed coiled cochlea in internal ear. 6. Presence of well developed cerebrum & cerebellum. 7. Presence of corpora quadrigemina & corpus callosum. 8. Presence of diaphragm in between thoracic cavity & abdominal cavity. 9. Highly developed parental care.

Other characters 1 -With exception of few primates all are quadrupeds 2 -R. B. Cs are non-nucleated (In camel & lamas RBCs are nucleated) 3 - Tail is usually present (except few) 4 - Head is well developed, skull bones are fused. 5 - 7 Cervical vertebrae ( except manatee of order sirenia where there 6) 6 - Heart is four chambered & they are arm blooded. 7 - Three ear ossicles are present. Vertebrae are acoelous. 8 - Fertilization is always internal. 9 - Eggs are microscopic & alecithal 10 -Distinct copulatory organs are present in male 11 - Testes are descended into scotal sac outside the abdominal cavity 12 - Cleavage is holoblastic. 13 - They are viviparous giving birth to young ones. Clas mammalia is further classified into three sub-classes Sub-class I : Prototheria ( Monotremata)-Egg laying mammals Sub-class II : Metatheria ( Marsupialia)- Pouched mammals Sub-class III : Eutheria ( Placentalia) –Placental mammals

Mammals Classifition

Mammals • • Platypus Bat Scaly ant eater Loris Rabbit Tiger Whale

Platypus Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Monotremata Family: Ornithorhynchidae

Bat Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Laurasiatheria[1] Order: Chiroptera

Scaly ant eater Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Laurasiatheria Order: Pholidota Family: Manidae

Loris Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Suborder: Strepsirrhini Superfamily: Lorisoidea Family: Lorisidae Subfamily: Lorisinae

Rabbit Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Lagomorpha Family: Leporidae

Tiger Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae

Whale Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Subclass: Eutheria Order: Cetacea

B. Rat Classification of Rat � � � � Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Eutheria Order: Rodentia Genus : Rattus Species : rattus Habit and Habitat � It is nocturnal and lives in burrows in house and storage places where plenty of food is available.

B. Rat Demonstration Practical Study of the following system: 1. Digestive System 2. Respiration System 3. Arterial System 4. Venous System 5. Excretory System 6. Reproductive System

Digestive System

Respiration System

Arterial System

Venous System

Excretory System

Female Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System

Unit II • Dissection of- Brain of Rat

Unit II • Dissection of Brain of Fowl

B. Temporary preparation of : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Blood of mammal Pecten of Fowl Sclerotic plate of fowl Collumella of fowl Hyoid Apparatus of fowl

Blood of Mammals - procedure • • Take a clean and dry slide. Prick the ring finger of left hand by using needle. Place a drop of blood on slide. With the help of another slide prepare a thin smear of blood and allow to dry the smear. Fix the smear in the 70% alcohol & dry the smear. Take 8 -10 drops of Leishman’s stain. Keep the slide for 10 minutes. Do not allow to dry during staining period. After 10 minutes rinse the slide under tap water & allow it to dry and observe slide under microscope.

Blood of mammal

Pecten of Fowl

Sclerotic plate of fowl

Collumella of fowl

Hyoid Apparatus of fowl

Thank You