POWERPOINT LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by ZARA OAKES MS
POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin Additional text by J Padilla exclusively for physiology at ECC UNIT 1 3 PART A Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings FOURTH EDITION
Three Major Body Cavities The body is divided into various cavities but not all compartments have walls or are completely enclosed Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3 -1
Lumens of Hollow Organs § Hollow organs- contain a space filled with something other than the organ’s tissue. § Heart § Lungs § Blood vessels § Intestines § Lumen – interior of a hollow organ § Fluid-filled interior § Not the internal environment- as is in the GI tract Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Functional Compartments § Extracellular fluid- found outside of organ tissue § Plasma-fluid of blood § Interstitial fluid- fluid between blood vessels and tissue cells § Intracellular fluid-fluid inside tissue cells Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Fluid Compartments Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3 -2
Cell Membrane: Overview Membranes in the body may be macroscopic or microscopic and serve different functions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3 -3
Cell Membrane: Function § Physical barrier- separates intracellular and extracellular fluid § Gateway for exchange- controls what enters and leaves the cell § Communication- surface proteins respond and recognize other molecules which can change cell activity § Cell structure- cell shape is maintained by cytoskeletal proteins attached to membrane proteins. Membrane proteins also form cell junctions § Phospholipid bilayer- composed of mostly lipids and proteins, it’s hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions assist in controlling transport. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Membrane: Structure The fluid mosaic model of a biological membrane Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3 -4
Cell Membrane: Composition § Lipids § Phospolipids – a glycerol molecule with one phosphate and two fatty acid tails- makes up a large percentage of the membrane. § Cholesterols- imbedded in the bilayer it stabilizes the membrane and reduces it’s freezing point. § Proteins § Integral – transmembrane protein, serves as a channel § Peripheral – side proteins that may be enzyme of cytoskeleton anchors § Lipid-anchored – associate with sphingolipids to form lipid rafts that may attract other proteins or enzymes § Carbohydrates § Glycolipids- carbohydrates and fatty acids § Glycoprotiens-carbohydrates and proteins Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Membrane: Formation Phospholipid molecules are composed of two fatty acid chains, one glycerol molecule, & one phosphate group Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3 -5 a
Cell Membrane: Formation Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3 -5 b
Cell Membrane: Proteins The three types of membrane proteins: integral, peripheral, and lipid-anchored Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3 -6
Cell Membrane Concept Map of cell membrane components Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3 -9
The cell membrane covers cells of various sizes, shapes, and functions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3 -10
Cell Compartments § Cytoplasm- The space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus § Cytosol - the jelly like substance that suspends the organelles § Inclusions - a non-membranous organelle or insoluble particles § Organelles - cell structures with specific function“small organs” § Nucleus- contains the genetic information for the cell as chromatin, the nucleolus, and nucleoplasm. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Compartments A map for the study of cell structure Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3 -11
Organelle “Factory” and summary chart § See board drawing and table on board § Review on your own the functions and structures of the following cell organelles (see fig 3: 12): § Inclusions (3 -types) § Centrioles, Cillia, & Flagella § Cytoplasmic protein fibers (3 sizes) § Cytoskeleton § Mitochondria § Smooth/Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum § Cytoplasmic Vesicles § Nucleus Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Primary Tissue Types § Epithelial- major functions: are protection, exchange, and lining cavities. § Connective- major functions are: support, storage, communication, immunity. § Muscle- major functions are: posture, movement, heat production, support and protection. § Nerve- major function is communication and control, information processing. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Epithelial Tissue: Structure § Basal lamina § Basement membrane Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Epithelial Tissue: Function § Exchange – quick movement of molecules § Transport – move from one side to another and process § Ciliated – move substances in the extracellular matrix § Protective – multiple layers, quickly regenerates § Secretory – produces substances secreted into the extracellular matrix or outside the body. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Exchange Epithelia § Single cell layer of flat cells that allow molecules to cross through at different rates, increase surface area with microvilli. § Rapid transport - § Oxygen § Carbon dioxide § Ions and fluids § Capillaries and lung alveoli - Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Transporting Epithelia § single layer or cuboidal or columnar cells, take in a molecule from a lumen and transport it into the blood stream. § Exchange of ions and nutrients § Tight junctions § Intestine and kidney - Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ciliated and Protective Epithelia § apical cilia allow more the movement of substance on the surface of the cell, like the ovum or mucus § Ciliated epithelium § Trachea § Sweep mucous out § Protective epithelium § multiple layers and in skin, serve for protection. Cell have a high regenerative ability. § Skin § Prevent exchange - Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Secretory Epithelia § contain goblet cells and cells that form the different endocrine or exocrine glands in the body § Exocrine tissues § Mucous glands § Goblet cells § Secreted externally via ducts § Endocrine tissues § Hormones § Secreted to ECF and blood Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Secretory Epithelia Development of endocrine and exocrine glands from epithelium Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3 -28 (1 of 3)
Connective Tissues: Structure § Support and barriers – strong high collagen content allow to withstand forces § Ground substance – varies in amount of water and changes the consistency of the type of connecitve tissue § Cells – have a wide variety of functions § Fixed – imbedded in a dense ground substance § Mobile – blood cells surrounded by a fluid ground substance such as plasma, are able to enter or leave the blood stream. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues: Structure § Fibers and their functions- found in the ground substance, the different ratios of each give each type of connective tissue their unique characteristics. § Fibroblast cells - produce the fibers and ground substance § Collagen – has a stronger tensile strength than steel, there are 12 variations, is most abundant in the body. § Elastin – gives elasticity to tissues § Fibrillin – combines with elastin to give support to elastic organs. § Fibronectin – stick to extracellular matrix of cells and helps in forming blood clots § Reticular fibers- form a network of supportive fibers for cells composed of free cells as in bone marrow, spleen, and lymphnodes Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues: Types Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cells and Fibers of Loose Connective Tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3 -29 (1 of 2)
Various Connective Tissue Types § Strength or flexibility § Tendons and ligaments § Collagen dominates § Adipose connective tissue § White § Single droplet § Brown § Multiple droplets § Blood § Plasma matrix § Free blood cells § Cartilage § Light and flexible § Trachea and ears § Bone § Calcified § Rigid Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Muscle Tissues § Contractile § Force and movement § Signal conduction § Types § Cardiac § Smooth § Skeletal Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nervous Tissues § Neurons send signals § Excitable § Electrical § Chemical § Glial cells support Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Death and Replacement § Apoptosis- cell death not caused by injury or other external reasons § Normal cell replacement – during body formation, or in normal body function cells reach a life limit and die § Programmed cell death - induced by the cell without disturbing adjacent cells; “cell suicide” § Stem cells – undifferentiated cells that can become any cell needed in the body, totipotent, puripotent, and mulitpotent § Role in cell replacement – certain tissues have multipotent stem cells that can replace cells § Research uses and potential – need to find a good source of stem cells, face many ethical issues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organs § Groups of tissues with related function – each contains the four types of tissues in various ratios § Epidermal tissue (skin) § Multiple cell layers – epidermis, hypodermis § Multiple tissue types – epitheial, connective, muscular, nervous § Multiple functions – protection, metabolism, temperature regulation, water proofing, blood storage, insulation, excretion, sensory organ Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings UN 3 -1 - Overview
Integument System Functions 1. Protection 2. Insulation 3. Water proofing 4. Temperature regulation 5. Excretion 6. Cutaneous Sensory organ 7. Metabolism 8. Blood reservoir Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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