POWERPOINT LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by ZARA OAKES MS
POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin UNIT 2 7 PART A Introduction to the Endocrine System HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings FOURTH EDITION
About this Chapter § Function and purpose of hormones § Classification, structure, and synthesis of hormones § Pathways of nervous to endocrine regulation § Effects of hormone interactions § Pathologies of the endocrine system § Hormone evolution Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy Summary: Hormones Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -2 (1 of 4)
Anatomy Summary: Hormones Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -2 (2 of 4)
Anatomy Summary: Hormones Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -2 (3 of 4)
Anatomy Summary: Hormones PLAY Animation: Endocrine System Review Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -2 (4 of 4)
Chemical Regulating Systems § Hormones: cell to cell communication molecules § Made in gland(s) or cells § Transported by blood § Distant target tissue receptors § Activates physiological response § Pheromones: organism to organism communication Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hormones: Function § Control of § Rates of enzymatic reactions § Transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes § Gene expression and protein synthesis § Exert effects at very low concentrations § Bind to target cell receptors § Half-life indicates length of activity Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hormones: Classification § Peptide or protein hormones § Steroid hormones § Amine hormones PLAY Animation: Endocrine System: Biochemistry, Secretion, and Transport of Hormones Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hormones: Peptides or Proteins § Preprohormone § Large, inactive § Prohormone § Post-translational modification § Peptide hormone-receptor complex § Signal transduction system Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release 1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the 3 The prohormone 4 Secretory vesicles containing 5 The secretory 6 The hormone ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments. vesicle releases its contents by exocytosis into the extracellular space. Golgi complex Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) To target Ribosome Active hormone Transport vesicle Peptide fragment 3 4 Prohormone 6 Secretory vesicle Release signal 5 Capillary endothelium 2 1 m. RNA moves into the circulation for transport to its target. Signal sequence Cytoplasm ECF Plasma Preprohormone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -3
Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release 1 Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosome Capillary endothelium 1 m. RNA Cytoplasm ECF Plasma Preprohormone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -3, step 1
Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release 1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosome Prohormone Capillary endothelium 2 1 m. RNA Signal sequence Cytoplasm ECF Plasma Preprohormone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -3, steps 1– 2
Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release 1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the 3 The prohormone ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. passes from the ER through the Golgi complex Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosome Transport vesicle 3 Prohormone Capillary endothelium 2 1 m. RNA Signal sequence Cytoplasm ECF Plasma Preprohormone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -3, steps 1– 3
Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release 1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the 3 The prohormone 4 Secretory vesicles containing ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments. Golgi complex Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosome Active hormone Transport vesicle Peptide fragment 3 4 Secretory vesicle Prohormone Capillary endothelium 2 1 m. RNA Signal sequence Cytoplasm ECF Plasma Preprohormone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -3, steps 1– 4
Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release 1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the 3 The prohormone 4 Secretory vesicles containing 5 The secretory ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments. vesicle releases its contents by exocytosis into the extracellular space. Golgi complex Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosome Active hormone Transport vesicle Peptide fragment 3 4 Prohormone Secretory vesicle Release signal 5 Capillary endothelium 2 1 m. RNA Signal sequence Cytoplasm ECF Plasma Preprohormone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -3, steps 1– 5
Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release 1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the 3 The prohormone 4 Secretory vesicles containing 5 The secretory 6 The hormone ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments. vesicle releases its contents by exocytosis into the extracellular space. Golgi complex Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) To target Ribosome Active hormone Transport vesicle Peptide fragment 3 4 Prohormone 6 Secretory vesicle Release signal 5 Capillary endothelium 2 1 m. RNA moves into the circulation for transport to its target. Signal sequence Cytoplasm ECF Plasma Preprohormone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -3, steps 1– 6
Peptide Hormone-Receptor Complex § Surface receptor § Hormone binds § Enzyme activation § Open channels § Second messenger systems § Cellular response Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Peptide Hormone-Receptor Complex Membrane receptors and signal transduction for peptide hormones Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -5
Steroid Hormones: Features § Cholesterol-derived § Lipophilic and can enter target cell § Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors (mostly) § Activate DNA for protein synthesis § Slower acting, longer half-life § Examples § Cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Steroid Hormones: Structure Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -6
Steroid Hormones: Action 1 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. 2 Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. 2 a Some steroid hormones also bind to membrane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. 3 The receptorhormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. Blood vessel Steroid hormone Cell surface receptor 2 a Rapid responses 1 2 Protein carrier Nucleus Cytoplasmic receptor Nuclear receptor DNA Interstitial fluid Cell membrane 3 Endoplasmic reticulum 5 New proteins 4 Activated genes create new m. RNA that moves into the cytoplasm. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transcription produces m. RNA 4 Translation 5 Translation produces new proteins for cell processes. Figure 7 -7
Steroid Hormones: Action 1 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. Blood vessel 1 Protein carrier Nucleus Interstitial fluid Cell membrane Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -7, step 1
Steroid Hormones: Action 1 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. 2 Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Blood vessel Steroid hormone 1 2 Protein carrier Nucleus Cytoplasmic receptor Nuclear receptor Interstitial fluid Cell membrane Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -7, steps 1– 2
Steroid Hormones: Action 1 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. 2 Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. 2 a Some steroid hormones also bind to membrane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. Blood vessel Steroid hormone Cell surface receptor 2 a Rapid responses 1 2 Protein carrier Nucleus Cytoplasmic receptor Nuclear receptor Interstitial fluid Cell membrane Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -7, steps 1– 2 a
Steroid Hormones: Action 1 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. 2 Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. 2 a Some steroid hormones also bind to membrane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. Blood vessel Steroid hormone Cell surface receptor 2 a Rapid responses 1 2 Protein carrier Nucleus Cytoplasmic receptor Nuclear receptor DNA Interstitial fluid 3 Cell membrane 3 The receptorhormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -7, steps 1– 3
Steroid Hormones: Action 1 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. 2 Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. 2 a Some steroid hormones also bind to membrane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. 3 The receptorhormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. Blood vessel Steroid hormone Cell surface receptor 2 a Rapid responses 1 2 Protein carrier Nucleus Cytoplasmic receptor Nuclear receptor DNA Interstitial fluid 3 Transcription produces m. RNA Cell membrane 4 4 Activated genes create new m. RNA that moves into the cytoplasm. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -7, steps 1– 4
Steroid Hormones: Action 1 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. 2 Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. 2 a Some steroid hormones also bind to membrane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. 3 The receptorhormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. Blood vessel Steroid hormone Cell surface receptor 2 a Rapid responses 1 2 Protein carrier Nucleus Cytoplasmic receptor Nuclear receptor DNA Interstitial fluid Cell membrane 3 Endoplasmic reticulum 5 New proteins 4 Activated genes create new m. RNA that moves into the cytoplasm. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transcription produces m. RNA 4 Translation 5 Translation produces new proteins for cell processes. Figure 7 -7, steps 1– 5
Amine Hormones: Features § Derived from one of two amino acids § Tryptophan § Tyrosine § Ring structure Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Amine Hormones: Examples § Thyroid hormones § Catecholamines § Epinephrine § Norepinephrine § Dopamine Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Amine Hormones: Structure Tyrosine-derived amine hormones Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -8
Endocrine Reflex Pathways § Stimulus § Afferent signal § Integration § Efferent signal (the hormone) § Physiological action § Negative feedback PLAY Animation: Endocrine System: The Actions of Hormones on Target Cells Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Endocrine Reflex Pathways Hormones may have multiple stimuli for their release Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7 -9
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