POWERPOINT LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by LYNN CIALDELLA MBA

POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by LYNN CIALDELLA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin UNIT 3 15 PART B Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings FOURTH EDITION

Arteriolar Resistance § Sympathetic reflexes § Local control of arteriolar resistance § Hormones Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Arteriolar Resistance Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Arteriolar Resistance § Myogenic autoregulation § Paracrines § Active hyperemia § Reactive hyperemia § Sympathetic control § SNS: norepinephrine § Adrenal medulla: epinephrine Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hyperemia Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -11 a

Hyperemia Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -11 b

Norepinephrine Tonic control of arteriolar diameter Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -12

Distribution of Blood Distribution of blood in the body at rest Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -13

Blood Flow Blood flow through individual blood vessels is determined by vessel’s resistance to flow Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -14 a

Blood Flow Blood flow through individual blood vessels is determined by vessel’s resistance to flow Flow 1/resistance Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -14 b

Precapillary Sphincters Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -15 a

Precapillary Sphincters Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -15 b

Capillaries: Exchange § Plasma and cells exchange materials across thin capillary wall § Capillary density is related to metabolic activity of cells § Capillaries have thinnest walls § Single layer of flattened endothelial cells § Supported by basal lamina § Bone marrow, liver and spleen do not have typical capillaries but sinusoids Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Two Types of Capillaries Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -16 a

Two Types of Capillaries Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -16 b

Velocity of Blood Flow Velocity of flow depends on total cross-sectional area of the vessels Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -17

Capillary Exchange § Exchange by paracellular pathway or transendothelial transport § Small dissolved solutes and gasses by diffusion is determined by concentration gradient § Large solutes and proteins by vesicular transport § In most capillaries, large proteins are transported by transcytosis Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Capillary Exchange § Bulk flow § Mass movement as result of hydrostatic or osmotic pressure gradients § Absorption: fluid movement into capillaries § Net absorption at venous end § Filtration: fluid movement out of capillaries § Caused by hydrostatic pressure § Net filtration at arterial end Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fluid Exchange at a Capillary Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure regulate bulk flow PLAY Animation: Cardiovascular System: Autoregulation and Capillary Dynamics Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -18 a

Lymphatic System § Returning fluid and proteins to circulatory system § Picking up fat absorbed and transferring it to circulatory system § Serving as filter for pathogens Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fluid Exchange at a Capillary Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -18 b

Lymphatic System Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -19

Edema § Two causes § Inadequate drainage of lymph § Filtration far greater than absorption § Disruption of balance between filtration and absorption § Increase in hydrostatic pressure § Decrease in plasma protein concentration § Increase in interstitial proteins Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Blood Pressure Components of the baroreceptor reflex KEY Medullary cardiovascular control center Stimulus Sensor/receptor Integrating center Efferent pathway Change in blood pressure Effector Parasympathetic neurons Sympathetic neurons Carotid and aortic baroreceptors SA node Ventricles Veins Arterioles Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -21

Blood Pressure KEY Stimulus Sensor/receptor Integrating center Efferent pathway Effector Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Change in blood pressure Figure 15 -21 (1 of 10)

Blood Pressure KEY Stimulus Sensor/receptor Integrating center Efferent pathway Effector Change in blood pressure Carotid and aortic baroreceptors Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -21 (2 of 10)

Blood Pressure KEY Stimulus Sensor/receptor Integrating center Medullary cardiovascular control center Efferent pathway Effector Change in blood pressure Carotid and aortic baroreceptors Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -21 (3 of 10)

Blood Pressure KEY Stimulus Sensor/receptor Integrating center Medullary cardiovascular control center Efferent pathway Change in blood pressure Effector Parasympathetic neurons Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carotid and aortic baroreceptors Figure 15 -21 (4 of 10)

Blood Pressure KEY Medullary cardiovascular control center Stimulus Sensor/receptor Integrating center Efferent pathway Change in blood pressure Effector Parasympathetic neurons Carotid and aortic baroreceptors Sympathetic neurons Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -21 (5 of 10)

Blood Pressure KEY Medullary cardiovascular control center Stimulus Sensor/receptor Integrating center Efferent pathway Change in blood pressure Effector Parasympathetic neurons Sympathetic neurons Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carotid and aortic baroreceptors SA node Figure 15 -21 (6 of 10)

Blood Pressure KEY Medullary cardiovascular control center Stimulus Sensor/receptor Integrating center Efferent pathway Change in blood pressure Effector Parasympathetic neurons Sympathetic neurons Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carotid and aortic baroreceptors SA node Figure 15 -21 (7 of 10)

Blood Pressure KEY Medullary cardiovascular control center Stimulus Sensor/receptor Integrating center Efferent pathway Change in blood pressure Effector Parasympathetic neurons Sympathetic neurons Carotid and aortic baroreceptors SA node Ventricles Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -21 (8 of 10)

Blood Pressure KEY Medullary cardiovascular control center Stimulus Sensor/receptor Integrating center Efferent pathway Change in blood pressure Effector Parasympathetic neurons Sympathetic neurons Carotid and aortic baroreceptors SA node Ventricles Arterioles Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -21 (9 of 10)

Blood Pressure KEY Medullary cardiovascular control center Stimulus Sensor/receptor Integrating center Efferent pathway Change in blood pressure Effector Parasympathetic neurons Sympathetic neurons Carotid and aortic baroreceptors SA node Ventricles Veins Arterioles Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -21 (10 of 10)

Blood Pressure The baroreceptor reflex: the response to increased blood pressure Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -22

Blood Pressure The baroreceptor reflex: the response to orthostatic hypotension PLAY Animation: Cardiovascular System: Blood Pressure Regulation Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -23

CVD: Risk Factors § Not controllable § Gender § Age § Family History § Controllable § Smoking § Obesity § Sedentary lifestyle § Untreated hypertension Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

CVD: Risk Factors § Uncontrollable genetic but modifiable lifestyle § Blood lipids § Leads to atherosclerosis § HDL-C versus LDL-C § Diabetes mellitus § Metabolic disorder contributes to development of atherosclerosis Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

LDL and Plaque The development of atherosclerotic plaques Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -24

Hypertension The relationship between blood pressure and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease Essential hypertension has no clear cause other than hereditary Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15 -25

Hypertension § Carotid and aortic baroreceptors adapt § Risk factor for atherosclerosis § Heart muscle hypertrophies § Pulmonary edema § Congestive heart failure § Treatment § Calcium channel blockers, diuretics, beta-blocking drugs, and ACE inhibitors Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Summary § Blood vessels § Vascular smooth muscle, metarterioles, venules, and angiogenesis § Measuring blood pressure § Systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure, MAP, and Korotkoff sounds § Resistance in the arterioles § Myogenic autoregulation, active hyperemia, and reactive hyperemia Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Summary § Distribution of blood § Capillary exchange § Continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, bulk flow, filtration, absorption, and colloid osmotic pressure § Lymphatic system § Blood pressure regulation § Baroreceptors, baroreceptor reflex, and cardiovascular control center § Cardiovascular disease Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings