POWERPOINT LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by LYNN CIALDELLA MBA
POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by LYNN CIALDELLA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin UNIT 2 9 PART B The Central Nervous System HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings FOURTH EDITION
Brain Function: Reflex Pathways in the Brain Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9 -14
Brain Function: Cerebral Cortex § Three specializations § Sensory areas § Sensory input translated into perception § Motor areas § Direct skeletal muscle movement § Association areas § Integrate information from sensory and motor areas § Can direct voluntary behaviors Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Brain Function: Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9 -15
Brain Function: Cerebral Lateralization Each lobe has special functions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9 -16
Brain Function: Sensory Information § Primary somatic sensory cortex § From skin, musculoskeletal system, and viscera § Somatosensory pathways § Touch § Temperature § Pain § Itch § Body position Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Brain Function: Sensory Information § Special senses have devoted regions § Visual cortex § Auditory cortex § Olfactory cortex § Gustatory cortex § Processed into perception Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Brain Function: Motor System § Three major types § Skeletal muscle movement § Somatic motor division § Neuroendocrine signals § Hypothalamus and adrenal medulla § Visceral responses § Autonomic division § Voluntary movement § Primary motor cortex and motor association Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Brain Function: Behavioral State § Modulator of sensory and cognitive processes § Neurons known as diffuse modulatory systems § In reticular formation in brain stem Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Brain Function: Behavioral State § Four modulatory systems § Adrenergic § Serotonergic § Sopaminergic § Cholinergic Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Brain Function: Behavioral State Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Brain Function: States of Arousal Electroencephalograms (EEGs) and the sleep cycle Reticular activating system keeps “conscious brain” awake Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9 -20 a
Brain Function: Sleep § Four stages with two major phases § Slow-wave sleep § Adjust body without conscious commands § REM sleep § Brain activity inhibits motor neurons to skeletal muscle, paralyzing them § Dreaming takes place § Circadian rhythm § Suprachiasmatic nucleus Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Brain Function: Emotion and Motivation The link between emotions and physiological functions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9 -21
Brain Function: Motivation § Defined as internal signals that shape voluntary behavior § Some states known as drives § Work with autonomic and endocrine responses § Motivated behaviors stop § Satiety Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Brain Function: Moods § Similar to emotions but longer-lasting § Mood disorders § Fourth leading cause of illness worldwide today § Depression § Sleep and appetite disturbances § Alteration of mood and libido § Antidepressant drugs alter synaptic transmission Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Brain Function: Learning and Memory § Learning has two broad types § Associative § Nonassociative § Habituation § Sensitization § Memory has several types § Short-term and long-term § Reflexive and declarative Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Brain Function: Memory Processing Memory is stored as memory traces Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9 -22
Brain Function: Memory Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive disease of cognitive impairment characterized by memory loss Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Brain Function: Language Cerebral processing of spoken and visual language Damage to Wernicke’s causes receptive aphasia Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9 -23 a
Brain Function: Language Damage to Broca’s area causes expressive aphasia Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9 -23 b
Brain Function: Personality § Combination of experience and inheritance § Schizophrenia § Both genetic and environmental basis Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Summary § Emergent properties § Evolution of CNS § Anatomy of CNS § Neural tube, gray and white matter, tracts, meninges, and cranium § Choroid plexus, CSF, and blood-brain barrier § Spinal cord § Spinal nerves, dorsal root ganglia, ventral roots, ascending tracts, descending tracts, propriospinal tracts, and spinal reflexes Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Summary: Brain § Brain stem, cranial nerves, reticular formation, medulla oblongata, somatosensory tract, corticospinal tract, and pyramid § Pons, midbrain, cerebellum, diencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, and corpus callosum § Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes § Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Summary: Brain Function § Sensory system, cognitive system, and behavioral state system § Sensory areas, motor areas, association areas, and cerebral lateralization § Primary somatic sensory cortex, visual cortex, auditory cortex gustatory cortex, and olfactory cortex § Association areas and perception Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Summary: Brain Function (continued) § Primary motor cortex, motor association area, behavioral state system, diffuse modulatory systems, and reticular activating system § Circadian rhythms, sleep, motivation, and moods § Learning, habituation, memory, and consolidation Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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