POWERPOINT LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by LYNN CIALDELLA MBA
POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by LYNN CIALDELLA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin UNIT 1 6 PART B Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings FOURTH EDITION
Novel Signal Molecules: Calcium as an intracellular messenger Extracellular fluid Ca 2+ Electrical signal Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel opens. Ca 2+ released from intracellular Ca 2+ stores Ca 2+ binds to proteins Chemical signal Calmodulin Intracellular fluid Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ca 2+ in cytosol increases. Alters protein activity Other Ca 2+-binding proteins Exocytosis Movement Figure 6 -15
Novel Signal Molecules: Calcium Extracellular fluid Electrical signal Ca 2+ Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel opens. Intracellular fluid Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -15 (1 of 5)
Novel Signal Molecules: Calcium Extracellular fluid Electrical signal Ca 2+ Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel opens. Ca 2+ released from intracellular Ca 2+ stores Chemical signal Intracellular fluid Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -15 (2 of 5)
Novel Signal Molecules: Calcium Extracellular fluid Electrical signal Ca 2+ released from intracellular Ca 2+ stores Ca 2+ Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel opens. Ca 2+ in cytosol increases. Chemical signal Intracellular fluid Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -15 (3 of 5)
Novel Signal Molecules: Calcium Extracellular fluid Electrical signal Ca 2+ Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel opens. Ca 2+ released from intracellular Ca 2+ stores Ca 2+ in cytosol increases. Ca 2+ binds to proteins Chemical signal Calmodulin Other Ca 2+-binding proteins Intracellular fluid Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -15 (4 of 5)
Novel Signal Molecules: Calcium Extracellular fluid Ca 2+ Electrical signal Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel opens. Ca 2+ released from intracellular Ca 2+ stores Ca 2+ binds to proteins Chemical signal Calmodulin Intracellular fluid Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ca 2+ in cytosol increases. Ca 2+ Alters protein activity Other Ca 2+-binding proteins Exocytosis Movement Figure 6 -15 (5 of 5)
Novel Signal Molecules: Gases § Nitric oxide (NO) § Activates guanylyl cyclase § c. GMP § Acts as neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in brain § Produced by endothelial cells § Diffuses and cause vasodilation Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Novel Signal Molecules: Gases § Carbon monoxide (CO) § Also activates guanylyl cyclase and c. GMP § Targets smooth muscle and neural tissue Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Novel Signal Molecules: Lipids The arachidonic acid cascade produces lipid messengers Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -16
Novel Signal Molecules: Lipids § Leukotrienes § Role in asthma and anaphylaxis § Prostanoids § Prostaglandins § Sleep, inflammation, pain, fever § Thromboxanes § Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prevent inflammation by inhibiting COX Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Modulation of Signal Pathways § Specificity and competition § Agonist versus antagonist § Multiple receptors for one ligand § Alpha receptor § Vasoconstriction § Beta receptor § Vasodilation Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Modulation of Signal Pathways Target response depends on the target receptor Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -18
Modulation of Signal Pathway § Up-regulation § Down-regulation § By decreasing the number of receptors § By decreasing the binding affinity § One explanation for drug tolerance § Termination mechanism § Disease and drugs Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Control Pathways: Overview Physiological control systems keep regulated variables within a desired range during homeostasis Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -19
Control Systems: Cannon’s Postulates § Nervous regulation of internal environment § Tonic control § Antagonistic control § One chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Control Systems: Tonic Control Tonic control of blood vessel diameter Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -20
Control Systems: Antagonistic Control Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -21 a
Control Systems: Antagonistic Control Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -21 b
Control Pathways Comparison of local and reflex control Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -22
Control Pathways: Reflex Control Steps in a reflex control pathway Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -23
Control Pathways: Receptors Multiple meanings of the word receptor Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -24
Control Pathways: Response Loop A nonbiological response loop Reflex steps 1 Water temperature is 25˚ C 2 Thermometer 7 Water temperature increases to 30˚ C Wire 4 Control box 6 Heater 5 Wire to heater 3 1 Water temperature is below the setpoint. STIMULUS 2 Thermometer senses temperature decrease. SENSOR or RECEPTOR 3 Signal passes from sensor to control box through the wire. AFFERENT PATHWAY 4 Control box is programmed to respond to temperature below 29 degrees. 5 Signal passes through wire to heater. INTEGRATING CENTER EFFERENT PATHWAY 6 Heater turns on. TARGET OR EFFECTOR 7 Water temperature increases. RESPONSE Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -25
Control Pathways: Response Loop Reflex steps 1 Water temperature is below the setpoint. STIMULUS 1 Water temperature is 25˚ C Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -25, step 1
Control Pathways: Response Loop Reflex steps 1 Water temperature is 25˚ C 1 Water temperature is below the setpoint. STIMULUS 2 Thermometer senses temperature decrease. SENSOR or RECEPTOR 2 Thermometer Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -25, steps 1– 2
Control Pathways: Response Loop Reflex steps 1 Water temperature is 25˚ C 1 Water temperature is below the setpoint. STIMULUS 2 Thermometer senses temperature decrease. SENSOR or RECEPTOR 3 Signal passes from sensor to control box through the wire. AFFERENT PATHWAY 2 Thermometer Wire 3 Control box Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -25, steps 1– 3
Control Pathways: Response Loop Reflex steps 1 Water temperature is 25˚ C 2 Thermometer Wire 3 1 Water temperature is below the setpoint. STIMULUS 2 Thermometer senses temperature decrease. SENSOR or RECEPTOR 3 Signal passes from sensor to control box through the wire. AFFERENT PATHWAY 4 Control box is programmed to respond to temperature below 29 degrees. INTEGRATING CENTER 4 Control box Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -25, steps 1– 4
Control Pathways: Response Loop Reflex steps 1 Water temperature is 25˚ C 2 Thermometer Wire 4 Control box 3 1 Water temperature is below the setpoint. STIMULUS 2 Thermometer senses temperature decrease. SENSOR or RECEPTOR 3 Signal passes from sensor to control box through the wire. AFFERENT PATHWAY 4 Control box is programmed to respond to temperature below 29 degrees. 5 Signal passes through wire to heater. INTEGRATING CENTER EFFERENT PATHWAY 5 Wire to heater Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -25, steps 1– 5
Control Pathways: Response Loop Reflex steps 1 Water temperature is 25˚ C 2 Thermometer Wire 4 Control box 6 Heater 5 3 1 Water temperature is below the setpoint. STIMULUS 2 Thermometer senses temperature decrease. SENSOR or RECEPTOR 3 Signal passes from sensor to control box through the wire. AFFERENT PATHWAY 4 Control box is programmed to respond to temperature below 29 degrees. 5 Signal passes through wire to heater. 6 Heater turns on. INTEGRATING CENTER EFFERENT PATHWAY TARGET OR EFFECTOR Wire to heater Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -25, steps 1– 6
Control Pathways: Response Loop Reflex steps 1 Water temperature is 25˚ C 2 Thermometer 7 Water temperature increases to 30˚ C Wire 4 Control box 6 Heater 5 Wire to heater 3 1 Water temperature is below the setpoint. STIMULUS 2 Thermometer senses temperature decrease. SENSOR or RECEPTOR 3 Signal passes from sensor to control box through the wire. AFFERENT PATHWAY 4 Control box is programmed to respond to temperature below 29 degrees. 5 Signal passes through wire to heater. INTEGRATING CENTER EFFERENT PATHWAY 6 Heater turns on. TARGET OR EFFECTOR 7 Water temperature increases. RESPONSE Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -25, steps 1– 7
Control Pathways: Setpoints Oscillation around the setpoint § Acclimatization refers to natural adaptation § Acclimation refers to induced adaptation Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -26
Control Pathways: Feedback Loops Negative and positive feedback Feedforward control refers to anticipatory responses Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -27 a
Control Pathways: Feedback Loops Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -27 b
Control Pathways: Setpoints Circadian rhythms Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -29 a
Control Pathways: Setpoints Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -29 b
Control Systems: Speed and Specificity Property Neural Specificity Single target Nature of signal Electrical chemical Speed Rapid Duration Very short Coding for Intensity = stimulus frequency intensity Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine Most cells Chemical Slower Longer Intensity = amount of hormone
Control Pathways: Review Some basic patterns of neural, endocrine, and neuroendocrine control pathways Simple neural reflex 1 Neurohormone reflex 2 3 4 5 Stimulus R R Stimulus Simple endocrine reflex 6 Neuroendocrine reflexes Stimulus Receptor R R E Afferent neuron CNS integrating center Neurotransmitter T Efferent neuron T Endocrine integrating center Neurotransmitter Neurohormone Response E Target cell Blood vessel Response E T Endocrine cells E 1 Hormone T Response KEY Response S R Stimulus Efferent pathways Efferent neuron Receptor (sensor) Neurotransmitter Sensory neuron (afferent pathway) Endocrine cell E 2 Hormone #2 Response Neurohormone CNS or endocrine integrating center E T Classic hormone T Target cell (effector) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings T Response Figure 6 -31
Control Pathways: Review Simple neural reflex 1 Stimulus Receptor R Afferent neuron CNS integrating center Efferent neuron T Neurotransmitter Target cell Response KEY S Stimulus R Receptor (sensor) Efferent pathways Efferent neuron Neurotransmitter Sensory neuron (afferent pathway) Neurohormone CNS or endocrine integrating center E Endocrine cell Classic hormone T Target cell(effector) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -31, step 1
Control Pathways: Review Simple neural reflex 1 Neurohormone reflex 2 Stimulus Receptor R Afferent neuron R CNS integrating center Efferent neuron T Neurotransmitter Target cell Blood vessel Response T Response KEY S Stimulus R Receptor (sensor) Efferent pathways Efferent neuron Neurotransmitter Sensory neuron (afferent pathway) Neurohormone CNS or endocrine integrating center E Endocrine cell Classic hormone T Target cell(effector) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -31, steps 1– 2
Control Pathways: Review Simple neural reflex 1 Neurohormone reflex 2 3 Stimulus R R Stimulus Neuroendocrine reflexes Receptor R Afferent neuron CNS integrating center Efferent neuron T Endocrine integrating center Neurotransmitter E Target cell Blood vessel Response T T Response KEY Response S Stimulus R Receptor (sensor) Efferent pathways Efferent neuron Neurotransmitter Sensory neuron (afferent pathway) Neurohormone CNS or endocrine integrating center E Endocrine cell Classic hormone T Target cell(effector) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -31, steps 1– 3
Control Pathways: Review Simple neural reflex 1 Neurohormone reflex 2 3 4 Stimulus R R R Stimulus Neuroendocrine reflexes Receptor R Afferent neuron CNS integrating center Efferent neuron T Neurotransmitter Endocrine integrating center Neurotransmitter Neurohormone E Target cell Blood vessel Response E T Endocrine cells Hormone T Response KEY Response S Stimulus R Receptor (sensor) Efferent pathways Efferent neuron Neurotransmitter Sensory neuron (afferent pathway) Endocrine cell Hormone #2 Response Neurohormone CNS or endocrine integrating center E T Classic hormone T Target cell(effector) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -31, steps 1– 4
Control Pathways: Review Simple neural reflex 1 Neurohormone reflex 2 3 4 5 Stimulus R R Stimulus Neuroendocrine reflexes Receptor R Afferent neuron CNS integrating center Efferent neuron T Neurotransmitter Endocrine integrating center Neurotransmitter Neurohormone E Target cell Blood vessel Response E T Endocrine cells E 1 Hormone T Response KEY Response S R Stimulus Efferent pathways Efferent neuron Receptor (sensor) Neurotransmitter Sensory neuron (afferent pathway) Endocrine cell E 2 Hormone #2 Response Neurohormone CNS or endocrine integrating center E T Classic hormone T Target cell(effector) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings T Response Figure 6 -31, steps 1– 5
Control Pathways: Review Simple neural reflex 1 Neurohormone reflex 2 3 4 5 Stimulus R R Stimulus Simple endocrine reflex 6 Neuroendocrine reflexes Stimulus Receptor R R E Afferent neuron CNS integrating center Neurotransmitter T Efferent neuron T Endocrine integrating center Neurotransmitter Neurohormone Response E Target cell Blood vessel Response E T Endocrine cells E 1 Hormone T Response KEY Response S R Stimulus Efferent pathways Efferent neuron Receptor (sensor) Neurotransmitter Sensory neuron (afferent pathway) Endocrine cell E 2 Hormone #2 Response Neurohormone CNS or endocrine integrating center E T Classic hormone T Target cell(effector) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings T Response Figure 6 -31, steps 1– 6
Summary § Cell-to-cell communication § Electrical signals § Chemical signals § Four methods Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Summary § Signal pathways § Signal transduction § Amplification § Second messengers § Receptor-enzymes § G-proteins § Integrin § Ligand-gated ion channels Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Summary § Novel signal molecules § Calcium § NO § CO § Lipids § Modulation of signal pathways § Agonist versus antagonist § Up-regulation and down-regulation Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Summary § Control pathways § Cannon’s postulates § Local control § Reflex control § Feedback loops § Negative feedback § Positive feedback § Feedforward control § Circadian rhythms Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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