Power Quality Presentation Dave Stetzer Electric Inc Blair

Power Quality Presentation Dave Stetzer Electric, Inc. Blair, Wisconsin, USA dave@stetzerelectric. co m

Electrical Pollution • • History Effects of ground current Troubleshooting / Testing Solutions

Where Does It Come From? 21 st Century Technology 19 th Century Distribution Lines

A Brief History 1972 – oil embargo forced U. S. to become more energy efficient Equipment was designed to operate using short pulses of current instead of continuous current Variable speed frequency drives, HID lighting, dimmer switches, computers, TV’s, and most other modern electronic devices are energy efficient

Linear Loads Prior to 1972, most electrical loads were linear; that is, they operated on normal utility supplied 60 -Hertz sine waves Linear loads include devices such as motors and incandescent light bulbs With linear loads, higher voltage potential means higher current draw, and vice versa

Non-linear Loads Non-linear loads use short pulses of current Therefore, load current is NOT proportional to the voltage applied When load current & voltage are NOT proportional entities, harmonics are generated and flow on the power distribution lines

Electrical Pollution Power Quality Definition: Anything that deviates from a normal sinusoid Contributors to Electrical Pollution: 1. Harmonics 2. Transients 3. Sags 4. Swells

1. Harmonics 2 nd Harmonic 3 rd Harmonic A harmonic is a frequency that is an integer (whole number) multiple (2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, 5 th, etc. ) of the fundamental frequency. The fundamental frequency on power distribution lines is 60 Hz (cycles per second). . . (Mazur, 6) 4 th Harmonic 5 th Harmonic

Gateway Laptop PC Waveform Spectrum

2. Transients A transient, (IEEE Std. 1100 -1992), is a subcycle disturbance in the AC waveform that is evidenced by a sharp but brief discontinuity in the waveform. May be of either polarity and may be additive to or subtractive from the nominal waveform.

3. Sags

4. Swells

What Do Harmonics & High Frequency Transient Events Do? Cause electric meters to read inaccurately Cause motors and transformers to burn out Cause neutral wires in a system to overheat Cause electronic equipment to fail Cause problems with Human and Animal Health

Wye System - Linear amps A B C 20 20 20 0 N In the grounded wye distribution system, the unbalanced current should return to the substation via the metallic neutral conductor, provided the neutral is of sufficient size and designed to handle the types of current loads it will be required to carry

Wye System - Non-Linear amps A B C 20 20 20 42 N With non-linear loads, the neutral current can be 225% of the highest phase conductor.

Wye System - Non-Linear A B C amps Majority of current flows uncontrolled over the earth. 20 20 20 12 N (30 Amps into the earth)

Guide for Applying Harmonic Limits on Power Systems May 4, 1996 IEEE Standards Department

RF Radiates from Wires hot wires neutral

A Sewage Analogy City Water 4 -in. Waste Pipes Solution: Drill Holes (? ) 10 -in. Main Sewer Pipe Solution: Bigger Main Sewer Pipe Buildup/Blockage Solution: 2 Main Sewer Pipes To Sewage Plant → Sewage Plant

X Stray Sewage? Stray Voltage? Ground Current

IEEE 519 -1992 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems Since most electronic equipment is located at a low voltage level of its associated power distribution system, it is frequently exposed to the effects of Sponsors Transmission and Distribution Committee of thevoltage notching. Voltage notches frequently IEEE Power Engineering Society introduce frequencies, both harmonic and nonharmonic, that are much higher than normally Static Power Converter Committee of the exhibited in 5 k. V and higher voltage distribution IEEE Industry Applications Society systems. These frequencies can be in the radio Approved June 18, 1992 frequency (RF) range, and, as such, can IEEE Standards Board introduce harmful effects associated with spurious RF (page 39). Approved January 4, 1993 American National Standards Institute

Non linear loads “The quality situation will get worse before we will be able to mitigate it. . . One reason is that EPRI [Electrical Power Research Institute] expects 70% of all electricity produced within the U. S. to flow through electronic devices by 2002, vs. 30% today. ” (Hot New Technologies for American Factories, Fortune Magazine July 5, 1999)

Red Book (p. 6 -2) • When consumer equipment consisted primarily of lights, motors, and tube-type electronic equipment, and electrical loads were relatively small, neutral-to-earth voltages and transients were not great problems, due to the lower neutral currents and the tolerance of the equipment. • With increasing use of low-signal-level solidstate computers and microprocessors, increasing electrification and automation of farms, and increased loads on distribution lines, the issue of power quality and tolerable neutral-to-earth voltage is becoming increasingly important.

Macintosh Power. Book G 4 Energy above 1. 7 k. Hz dissipates internal to the human body

Dell Vostro Laptop Energy above 1. 7 k. Hz dissipates internal to the human body

dissipates internal to the human body DYNEX Flat panel LCD TV

Compact Fluorescent Light Bulb Energy above 1. 7 k. Hz dissipates internal to the human body

Energy Efficient Light Bulbs clean incandescent lights dirty compact fluorescent lights (~80%)

Dimmer Switches Energy above 1. 7 k. Hz dissipates internal to the human body

HID Lighting Energy above 1. 7 k. Hz dissipates internal to the human body

Earthing Mat Energy above 1. 7 k. Hz dissipates internal to the human body

Wind Turbines

Before and After Readings

Ripley Residence #1

Amaranth Residence #1 7 km from Wind Turbines Substation across the Road

Solar Panels

Solar Panels Off Graham-Stetzer Meter Reading of 44

Solar Panels On Graham-Stetzer Meter Reading 1999+

IEEE 519 -1992 • “Higher levels of harmonics result in erratic malfunctions of electronic equipment that can have serious consequences. ” • “Instruments can be affected, giving erroneous data or otherwise performing unpredictably. ” • “the most serious of these are malfunctions in medical instruments. ”

Overheating of Wiring Electrical pollution causes overheating of electrical wiring, resulting in equipment failure and fires

Watt Hour Meter Readings

What are the Effects of Electrical Pollution? Utility grounded wye primary neutral system is now overloaded and obsolete The earth has become the main path of neutral current return to utility substations The lives and welfare of the people and animals of North America are endangered

Where Ground Current Flows Current will travel along the path of least resistance (Ohm’s Law) Current will take any and all paths (Kirchoff’s Law)

Where Ground Current Flows. . . along the ground. . . The above waveform was collected between two remote ground rods less than 20 feet apart on the Kerstendale farm near Port Perry Ont. The power to the farm was OFF at the time.

Where Ground Current Flows. . . in streams. . . (Dill Creek Project)

Where Ground Current Flows Transmission line transformer Dis trib utio n li ne substation Ground Current

Minnesota Study 70% of phase current returns via the earth

Where Ground Current Flows. . . water pipe in homes. . . 1. 8 Amps 23, 500 times higher The waveform shown at left was collected from the water pipes of a Madison home 80 u. A causes heart arrhythmia (Reilly 1998)

Where Ground Current Flows. . . through human body. . . 80 micro Amps The smallest current having an observable effect (heart rhythm disturbances) occurs at 80 u. A in humans (Reilly 1998).

Hillman, Stetzer & Graham, “Milk Production”

Milk Production cont’d This study clearly shows that the actionable level should be reduced to 10 m. V p-p (peak-to-peak), which is 140 times less than the current standard.

Milk Production cont’d

Clark County Farms Farm 1 - Mercier Farm 2 - Mader Farm 3 - Beyerl Farm 5 - Christensen Farm 4 - Pescinski

Milk Production: Other Studies Effect of 10 k. V, 30 micro. T, 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields on milk production and feed intake in nonpregnant dairy cattle. Burchard JF, Monardes H, Nguyen DH. Department of Animal Science, Mc. Gill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada. Javier. burchard@mcgill. ca Milk production is the main agricultural income in the province of Quebec, and the electrical distribution network traverses the rural dairy production region. This study evaluates the hypothesis that electric and magnetic fields may affect dairy production. . During the first period, the electric and magnetic fields (E&MF) were off; during the second period they were on; and during the final period, they were off. The second replicate was exposed for three periods also, but the exposure protocol was reversed (first period, on; second period, off; last period, on). Exposure to E&MF (on) resulted in an average decrease of 4. 97, 13. 78, and 16. 39% in milk yield, fat corrected milk yield, and milk fat, respectively; and an increase of 4. 75% in dry matter intake. Exposure to E&MF (on)Inc. resulted in an average decrease of 4. 97, 13. 78, and Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, 16. 39% in milk yield, fat corrected milk yield, and milk fat, respectively; and an increase of 4. 75% in dry matter intake.

Milk Production: A Western Wisconsin Farm With 60 m. V on the barn floor, we see no more “high-producing” days!

Milk Production: A Western Wisconsin Farm As voltages increase, milk production decreases.

Chicken Embryo Experiment (Graham & Stetzer) The baby chickens shown here were hatched in an incubator. The chick on the right is a sample of what the chicks looked like that were not exposed to dirty power The chick on the left is a sample of what the chicks looked like that were exposed to dirty power for 30 minutes on the 10 th day of being in the incubator. Noticeable deformities and burn marks are visible.

Embryo Experiment (Yuri Gregoriev)

Contact Current & Cancer The Possible Role of Contact Current in Cancer Risk Associated With Residential Magnetic Fields R. Kavet, 1* L. E. Zaffanella, 2 J. P. Daigle, 2 and K. L. Ebi 1 1 EPRI, Palo. Alto, California 2 Enertech Consultants, Lee, Massachusetts Residential electrical wiring safety practices in the US result in the possibility of a small voltage ( up to a few tenths of a “. . . the absolute (as well as modest) level of contact current modeled produces average electric fields in tissue along paper presents data suggesting that contact current (18 due to Vu. A) is an exposure that may explain the reported associations of residential magnetic fields with childhood leukemia. Our analysis is based on a computer model of a 40 house (single-unit, its path that exceed 1 m. V/m. At and above this level, the NIEHS detached dwelling) neighborhood with electrical service that is representative of US grounding practices. The analysis was motivated by recent research suggesting that the physical location[1998] of power linesaccepts in the backyard, in contrast to the street, Working Group that biological effects relevant may be relevant to a relationship of power lines with childhood leukemia. In the model, the highest magnetic field levels tobackyard cancer have been reported and V s were both associated with lines, and the highest V s were also associatedin with‘numerous long ground paths in well-programmed the residence. Across the entire neighborhood, magnetic field exposure was highly correlated with V (rà 0. 93). studies’. ” volt) on appliance surfaces with respect to water pipes or other grounded surfaces. This ``open circuit voltage'' (V OC) will cause ``contact current'' to flow in a person who touches the appliance and completes an electrical circuit to ground. This OC OC Dosimetric modeling indicates that, compared to a very high residential level of a uniform horizontal magnetic field (10 m. T) or a vertical electric field (100 V/m), a modest level of contact current (18 m. A) leads to considerably greater induced electric fields (> 1 m. V/m) averaged across tissue, such as bone marrow and heart. The correlation of VOC with magnetic fields in the model, combined with the dose estimates, lead us to conclude that VOC is a potentially important exposure with respect to childhood leukemia risks associated with residential magnetic fields. These findings, nonetheless, may not apply to residential service used in several European countries or to the Scandinavian studies concerned with populations exposed to magnetic fields from overhead transmission lines. Bioelectromagnetics 21: 538: 553, 2000.

EPRI Handbook (1995) In the “Handbook for the Assessment and Management of Magnetic Fields Caused by Distribution Lines” EPRI (Electrical Power Research Institute) states, “Furthermore, proximity to distribution lines has been associated with the risk of childhood cancer in three epidemiological studies. ” Copies of the paper bound book can be purchased from EPRI for $25, 000. 00 each for non-members.

Clearing Up Confusion on Unwanted Voltages (Beck Ireland, Sep 1, 2006) Stray Voltage: Shock and Electrocution • East Village, NY, 2004: Jodie S. Lane, a 30 -year-old Columbia University graduate student, was killed when she stepped on a metal plate. • March 2006, New York C • Feb 12, 2006: Four people shocked by service box near Port Authority Bus Terminal. Edison found 1, 214 insta voltage during a year-long electrical equipment on cit • Feb 17, 2006: Dog electrocuted on patch of concrete in Park Slope Brooklyn • Con Ed expects to spend $ • March 2006: Nine-year old boy hospitalized after an electric jolt while walking over a metal plate in Harlem. toward reducing the risk o

National Electrical Safety Code (1997) Rule 92 D: Current in Grounding Conductor “Ground connection points shall be so arranged that under normal circumstances there will be no objectionable flow of current over the grounding conductor. ”

National Electrical Safety Code Handbook “Rule 92 D refers to actions required in the case of ‘objectionable’ flows of current over the grounding conductor. The word ‘objectionable’ is undefined in the NESC; it is left to the designer’s discretion, utilizing good design and operating practice, to identify and remedy the situation. ” “. . . areas that are often known to present specific problems (such as milking barns without adequate voltage gradient control, pipelines, electric railways, conduits, etc. ) may need special attention to limit damage to equipment or uncomfortable conditions for personnel or animals. ”

National Electrical Safety Code Handbook From Rule 215 B: “Objections to use of the earth as part of a supply circuit are made from both safety and service standpoints. ” When earth returns were used in some rural areas prior to the 1960 s, they became notorious offenders in dairy areas because circulating currents often caused both step and touch potentials. In some cases, these have adversely affected milking operations by shocking the cattle when they were connected to the milking machines, and have affected feeding. The grounding methods required by the NESC, including the use of a metallic neutral throughout each span of a multigrounded wye system, reduce the opportunity for such occurrences.

Wiley Encyclopedia “It is an unsafe practice to allow current to flow over the earth continuously, uncontrolled. All continuously flowing current must be contained within insulated electrical conductors. ”

Naval Medical Research Institute Symptoms of Microwave and Radio-Frequency Radiation • • • • • • Headaches Dizziness Nausea Difficulty concentrating Depression Anxiety Memory Loss Insomnia Fatigue Tremors Muscle spasms Tingling Altered reflexes Muscle & joint pain Pressure in/behind eyes Deteriorating vision Cataracts Sinusitis Bronchitis Asthma Pneumonia • • • • Heart palpitations Arrhythmia Chest pain or pressure Low/high blood pressure Skin rash Itching Burning Facial flushing Digestive problems Abdominal pain Enlarged thyroid Testicular/ovarian pain Dehydration Immune abnormalities Altered sugar metabolisms (Diabetes) • Redistribution of metals within the body • Hair loss

Symptoms of Radio Wave Sickness Neurological: headaches, dizziness, nausea, difficulty concentrating, memory loss, irritability, depression, anxiety, insomnia, fatigue, weakness, tremors, muscle spasms, numbness, tingling, altered reflexes, muscle and joint pain, leg/foot pain, ‘Flu-like’ symptoms, fever. More severe reactions can include seizures, paralysis, psychosis, and stroke. Cardiac: palpitations, arrhythmias, pain or pressure in the chest, low or high blood pressure, slow or fast heart rate, shortness of breath. Respiratory: sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma. Dermatological: skin rash, itching, burning, facial flushing. Ophthalmologic: pain or burning in the eyes, pressure in/behind the eyes, deteriorating vision, floaters, cataracts. Others: digestive problems; abdominal pain; enlarged thyroid; testicular/ovarian pain; dryness of lips, tongue, mouth, eyes; great thirst; dehydration; nosebleeds; internal bleeding; altered sugar metabolism; immune abnormalities; redistribution of metals within the body; hair loss; pain in the teeth; deteriorating fillings; impaired sense of smell; ringing in the ears. ” (Firstenberg, 7)

Troubleshooting

Utility “Testing” Allows utilities to NOT detect unacceptable levels of “stray voltage” on farms Accomplished by setting threshholds (i. e. 0. 4 Volts)

Red Book (p. 4 -16) • Human and animal sensitivity in the 60 Hz frequency range for [a] nonsinusoidal waveform is proportional to the peak current. Since most volt-ohm meters commonly used for monitoring and troubleshooting read average or rms values, they will not provide the necessary data on neutral-to-earth voltages occurring at or near the saturation or triggering level. • A voltmeter that can detect peak voltages or an oscilloscope-type instrument will be needed.

Fluke 199 C Oscilloscope w/ Laptop

Red Book (p. 4 -4 – 4 -5)

Signal Generator

CAT 5 Cable

Red Book (pp. 3 -3, 6 -3 – 6 -4) • The effects of electric current on cows depend on the characteristics (magnitude, duration, and waveform) of the current. • The effect of a transient voltage superimposed on the regular power voltage (dc or ac) is to cause a momentary change in the waveform. When the transient causes the momentary voltage to be greater than normal, it may cause a transient current to flow in an animal. • If the transient waveform has sufficient energy (magnitude and duration), there may be an animal response.

Red Book – Use of Oscilloscope The use of an oscillosope or an oscilloscope-type instrument is recommended no less than 18 times within this study.

Waveform

Signature Test

Data Plot – Utility Power Off

125 KW Katolight Power Quality Generator

Stetzer Electric Power Quality Trailer

Problems to Look For Utility On Farm • CFLs • VFDs • Fans • Milk Coolers • Vacuum Pumps • Furnaces • ID Systems • Milking Equipment • • • Poor Primary Neutral Return L S M F T Neighbors IEEE 519 -1992 Cell Towers

Tingle Voltage

Minnesota Study • “we have estimated that voltages as low as 0. 002 volts could conceivably cause internal electric fields in the cow that are high enough to produce a physiological response”

Minnesota Study • The frequency of behaviors such as hoof lifting and kicking during milking have been suggested as measures of cow discomfort during milking. • These are likely to be sensitive measures for hoof -to-hoof voltage exposure.

Polk • Internal body electric fields of 0. 001 volt/meter to 0. 01 volt/meter have been shown to produce physiological responses in other animals… • Front-to-rear hoof step potential exposure of 0. 002 to 0. 02 volts would produce such field strengths

Hillman, Stetzer & Graham, “Milk Production”

Where the “ 1 Volt RMS” Rule Came From • Two trained observers seated, one in front of the cow and one behind, observed and recorded animal behavior and movements during tests. • Facial reaction including a twitch of the nose or ears or blink of the eyes

ASAE Paper No. 993152 • • Cows do not feel rms voltages. “The combination of equal amounts of 60 and 180 Hz with different phase shifts and their lack of sensitivity to DC bias indicates that cows are sensitive to peak-to-peak voltages and not peak or rms. ”

Stray Voltage Research Fraud • Forced the release of original data and research notes from Cornell University stray voltage studies. • Tied research funding to electric utilities. • University faculty members conducting research receive large sums of money from utilities – conflict of interest. Michael Behr, Ph. D Forensic Economist

Stray Voltage Research Fraud

Stray Voltage Research Fraud

Letter from ECE to MNPUC • “The Beauchamps’ investigators have used non-standardized testing. ” • “None have provided ECE with test results indicating voltage readings in excess of 0. 5 to 1. 0 volts at cow contact. ”

Stetzer Consulting Letter to MNPUC • “Stetzer Consulting conducted its testing…in full accordance with methods recommended in the Final Report of the Minnesota Science Advisors to the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission (1998), and in the [USDA] Handbook Number 696, more commonly known as the “Red Book” (1992). • “…collected waveforms and data plots at cow contact that indicated readings in excess of 50 m. V…”

Red Book (p. 4 -4 – 4 -5)

Solutions

Charles De. Nardo, Chief Electrical Engineer for We Energies testified in the 1995 PSC Docket 05 -EI-108 “Fortunately, there are proven and relatively inexpensive techniques for addressing any type of ground current transients, including those that are intermittent. ”

Red Book (p. 6 -3) • The increase in neutral currents and leakage or uncleared fault currents to earth due to electrical load growth on a farm or along distribution line can lead to an increase in the neutral-to-earth voltage. • Power utilities generally have not addressed the need to maintain good power quality for certain equipment; so thus far, the consumers have had to identify, select, purchase, and install the proper equipment to modify, as needed, the basic power delivered by the utility.

EPRI Handbook (1995) Isolating Primary and Secondary Neutral (temporary only)

Dairyland Primary Neutral Isolator

How a Primary Neutral Isolator Works

How An Isolation Transformer Works (And Why You Don’t Need One)

EPRI Handbook (1995) 6. 3. 2. 2 Increasing the size of the Neutral A way of reducing the ground component of the field is to make the neutral the lowest possible impedance path and, conversely, the ground the highest possible impedance path.

IEEE 519 -1992 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems Sponsors Transmission and Distribution Committee of the Practices for Utilities (page 83) IEEE 12. Power Recommended Engineering Society and 1. Perform harmonic measurements at selected points within the utility circuit, Static Power Converter Committee of the including PCC, Applications and look for consumers with converters operating with current IEEE the Industry Society distortion beyond the limits. If identified, such consumers should be asked to keep the 18, 1992 harmonic Approved distortion. June within the recommended limits by installing filters, by reducing IEEE Standards Board harmonic generation, or through other means. Approved January 4, 1993 2. American Install National filters to. Standards control. Institute the harmonics. 3. Install a new feeder. This is effective in stiffening the source and isolating the harmonic problems. However, it is not always economically feasible.

EPRI (1995) 6. 5 Five-Wire Primary Lines “A method that practically eliminates ground currents associated with primary distribution lines and still maintains the advantages of a four-wire multi-grounded system, is the five-wire system”

Five-Wire Solution 50% lower 40% lower

Ontario Hydro Power Quality Reference Guide

Ontario Hydro Power Quality Reference Guide • Ideally, harmonics should be filtered at the source.

Corcom Filter

The Graham-Stetzer Filter Side View Front View

February 27, 2000 Co-op's new line ends stray voltage struggle Co-op’s new line ends stray voltage struggle Jackson co-op installed new line to serve affected dairy farmers By CHRIS HARDIE Local news editor BLACK RIVER FALLS, Wis. --. . . "It's so pleasant to come in here and hear nothing -- just the fans, " Stetzer said. "Before they were just jumping, and the chains were rattling, " signs of agitation he said was caused by electrical current -- or stray voltage -- in his barn. . . The co-op installed 6 miles of new line -- at a cost of about $80, 000 -- because it wants to help farmers solve stray voltage problems, general manager Mike Anderson said. "I understand there are problems out there, " Anderson said. "I've been here 40 years, and I really don't (care) what everybody else does. I worry about what we do. We take this extremely seriously, and we always have. " The co-op installed 6 miles of new line. . . because it wants to help farmers solve stray voltage problems, general manager Mike Anderson said. -Rest of article available at: http: //www. strayvoltage. org/stories/index. php 3 ? Story=20000227_newline. inc

Private Member’s Bill: Oct 3, 2006

Litigation (No Need) • An engineering problem • An engineering solution

Cooperative Effort 1. The solution to this problem requires a cooperative effort. 2. Utilities need to update their outdated distribution systems to meet today’s technological loads. 3. Consumers need to reduce the amount of high frequencies they are putting on electrical wires. IEEE 519 -1992

Questions v Can we enjoy the benefits of electricity? v Can we use it safely? v Is the technology available to accomplish this? v Can we achieve it with minimum expense?

Cow Effects Video