Power Point to accompany Essentials of Medical Language

The Anatomy of Word Construction: The Essential Elements of the Language of Medicine Lesson

Roots and Combining Vowels • All medical terms have one or more roots. •

Roots and Combining Vowels • Roots are often joined to other elements of a

Keynote • Throughout this textbook, the combining vowel will be separated from the root

Combining Forms pneum-opneum/o root combining vowel form pulmon-opulmon/o root combining vowel form 1 -6

Keynote Different roots can have the same meaning. Pulmon- and pneumon- both mean lung.

Suffix • A suffix is an element added to the end of a root

Suffix pulmon –ary root + suffix = pulmonary, pertaining to the lung pulmon/o –logy

Suffix –ia a condition of pneumonia, a condition (infection) of the lung –ation a

Prefix • A prefix is an element added to the beginning of a root

Prefix pre– mature prefix + root = premature, before the normal pregnancy post– mature

Prefix uni– unilateral, one side of the body bi– bilateral, two (both) sides of

Prefix peri– perinatal, around the time of birth epi– epigastric, above the stomach hypo–

Prefix micro– microcyte, small red blood cell macro– macrocyte, large red blood cell 1

Element Review • Identify the prefixes and suffixes of the following word: – perinatal

Element Review • Identify the prefixes and suffixes of the following word: – hypogastric

The Anatomy of Word Construction Lesson 1. 2: Word Analysis and Deconstruction 1 -18

Word Deconstruction • When you see an unfamiliar medical term, first identify the suffix.

Word Deconstruction • Use deconstruction to determine the meaning of the following word: –

Element Review • Identify the elements of the following word: – cardiomyopathy cardi/o- -my/o-pathy

Pronunciations • Correct pronunciation of medical terms is essential so that other health professionals

Pronunciations • Some words that are pronounced the same are spelled differently and have

Pronunciations • Some words sound the same if incorrectly pronounced. For example: The term

Plurals • Plural endings for medical terms do not simply involve adding an “s.

Plural Examples • Refer to Table 1. 1 of the text, page 12. Singular

Keynote • Many words, when they are written or pronounced, have an element that

Keynote • Consider the case of confusing hypotension (low blood pressure) with hypertension (high

Keynote • Precision in written and verbal communication is essential to prevent errors in

Final Word • Being a health professional requires the utmost attention to detail and

Final Word • Roots provide the core meaning of medical terms. • Roots are

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Power. Point to accompany Essentials of Medical Language, 2 e Allan, Lockyer Chapter 1: The Anatomy of Word Construction: The Essential Elements of the Language of Medicine Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Anatomy of Word Construction: The Essential Elements of the Language of Medicine Lesson 1. 1: The Construction of Medical Words 1 -2 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Roots and Combining Vowels • All medical terms have one or more roots. • The root provides the meaning of the word. • Example: – The word pneumonia has the root pneumon-, meaning lung or air. 1 -3 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Roots and Combining Vowels • Roots are often joined to other elements of a medical term by placing a combining vowel on the end of the root. • A root plus a combining vowel creates a combining form. • Example: pneum + o pneum/o 1 -4 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Keynote • Throughout this textbook, the combining vowel will be separated from the root by a slash (/) whenever the term is being analyzed. • Example: respir/a 1 -5 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffix • A suffix is an element added to the end of a root or combining form to give it a new meaning. • If the suffix begins with a consonant, it must follow a combining vowel. • If the suffix begins with a vowel, no combining vowel is needed. 1 -8 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffix pulmon –ary root + suffix = pulmonary, pertaining to the lung pulmon/o –logy root + combining vowel + suffix = pulmonology, study of the lung 1 -9 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffix –ia a condition of pneumonia, a condition (infection) of the lung –ation a process respiration, a process of breathing. 1 -10 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Prefix • A prefix is an element added to the beginning of a root or combining form to continue to expand the meaning of medical terms. • Prefixes never require a combining vowel. • Not every term has a prefix. 1 -11 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Prefix pre– mature prefix + root = premature, before the normal pregnancy post– mature prefix + root = postmature, after the normal pregnancy 1 -12 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Prefix peri– perinatal, around the time of birth epi– epigastric, above the stomach hypo– hypogastric, below the stomach 1 -14 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Element Review • Identify the prefixes and suffixes of the following word: – perinatal periprefix - nat root - al suffix 1 -16 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Element Review • Identify the prefixes and suffixes of the following word: – hypogastric hypoprefix -gastrroot -ic suffix 1 -17 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Deconstruction • When you see an unfamiliar medical term, first identify the suffix. For example: – cardiologist The suffix is -logist, one who studies and is a specialist in. Cardi/o is the combining form for heart. 1 -19 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Deconstruction • Use deconstruction to determine the meaning of the following word: – myocardial The suffix is -al, pertaining to; my/o is the combining form for muscle; and the root cardi means heart. 1 -20 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Element Review • Identify the elements of the following word: – cardiomyopathy cardi/o- -my/o-pathy combining suffix form 1 -21 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Pronunciations • Correct pronunciation of medical terms is essential so that other health professionals can understand what you are saying. • It is a most important component in ensuring patient safety and providing high-quality patient care. 1 -22 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Pronunciations • Some words that are pronounced the same are spelled differently and have different meanings. For example: Both ilium and ileum are pronounced ILL -ee-um. The ilium is a bone in the pelvis The ileum is a segment of the small intestine. 1 -23 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Pronunciations • Some words sound the same if incorrectly pronounced. For example: The term prostate, pronounced PROSS-tate, refers to the gland at the base of the male bladder. The term prostrate, pronounced pross-TRAYT means to be physically weak or exhausted or to lie flat on the ground. 1 -24 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Plurals • Plural endings for medical terms do not simply involve adding an “s. ” • Plural endings must be memorized. 1 -25 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Plural Examples • Refer to Table 1. 1 of the text, page 12. Singular Ending Plural Ending Examples -a -ae axillae -is -es diagnosis diagnoses 1 -26 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Keynote • Many words, when they are written or pronounced, have an element that if misspelled or mispronounced gives the intended word an entirely different meaning. 1 -27 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Keynote • Consider the case of confusing hypotension (low blood pressure) with hypertension (high blood pressure) A treatment response to the different meaning could cause a medical error and perhaps the death of a patient. 1 -28 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Final Word • Being a health professional requires the utmost attention to detail and precision in both written documentation and verbal communication. A patient’s life can be in your hands. • Any incorrect spelling can reflect badly on the whole health team. • Any incorrect pronunciation and spelling can reflect badly on you as a health professional. 1 -30 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Final Word • Roots provide the core meaning of medical terms. • Roots are often joined to other elements in the medical term by placing a combining vowel on the end of the root. • Adding a suffix or a prefix to a root can build new words with different meanings. • Precision in communication is vitally important. 1 -31 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.