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About the Power. Point slides • These slides are provided as a resource for teachers and students using Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A Practical Guide. • They are not intended to constitute prescribed lectures. It is envisaged that users will select from, add to and modify the slides to suit their own requirements. • A number of the slides are ‘animated’: this feature can be turned off for individual slides or objects via Animations > Custom animation > Remove. • The slides are subject to the normal copyright rules applying to the book content. • The full set of slides and other support material are provided at: www. pearsoned. co. uk/veal • Any feedback or comments for improvement, corrections etc. would be welcome via: Tony. Veal@uts. edu. au A. J. Veal and S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

PART I: PREPARATION Chapter 1: Introduction to Research: What, Why & Who?

Structure PART I PREPARATION 1. Introduction 2. Approaches 3. Starting out 4. Research ethics 5. Range of methods 6. Reviewing lit. PART II DATA COLLECTION 7. Secondary data PART III ANALYSIS 14. Secondary 8. Observation 9. Qualitative 15. Qualitative 10. Questionnaires 16. Survey data 11. Experimental 17. Statistical 12. Case studies 13. Sampling PART IV COMMUNICATE RESULTS 18. Research report A. J. Veal and S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Content • • • Scope What is research? Why study research? Who does research? Who pays? Outputs 25 slides A. J. Veal and S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Scope Fig. 1. 1 Physical exercise and sport Sport – non-organised Sport - organised Other exercise Leisure time Walking – leisure Cycling – leisure Physical exercise Work/domestic/ personal time Walking – transport Cycling – transport Physical work – domestic Physical work - employment A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

What is research? • • Research defined Scientific research Social science research Three types of research A. J. Veal and S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Definition: “The aim, as far as I can see, is the same in all sciences. Put simply and cursorily, the aim is to make known something previously unknown to human beings. It is to advance human knowledge, to make it more certain or better fitting. . The aim is. . discovery”. - Norbert Elias A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Scientific research • Research conducted within the rules of science • Based on: – Logic – Systematic examination of evidence • Ideally can be replicated • Knowledge is cumulative A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Social science research • Deals with people (individually and in informal and formal groups) • Uses methods and traditions of social science • People are less predictable than non-human phenomena • The social world is constantly changing • People can be aware of research being conducted on them A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Three types of research (Fig. 1. 2) • Descriptive - finding out, describing what is • Explanatory - explaining how or why things are as they are (and using this to predict) • Evaluative - evaluation of policies and programmes A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Descriptive research • Because the social world is constantly changing, descriptive research is continuously needed – E. g. Periodic data on sport participation • Descriptive research needed for: – market profiles – needs assessment, etc. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Explanatory research • • Involves: why and how? Causality: A is caused by B Prediction: a change in A will result in a change in B Biological and social science – A causes B to a predictable extent A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Evaluative research • To what extent has a programme achieved its aims? A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Why study research? (Fig. 1. 3) • Understanding research reports, etc. which you read • Conducting academic research projects – eg a thesis • Research is a management tool in: – – policy-making planning managing evaluating A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Examples of policy/planning/management research Fig. 1. 4 Level Governing body of sport Policy Host world championships Plan (a) Develop key facilities (b) Prepare/subm it a bid Management (If successful) Manage the championship event. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Examples of policy/planning/management research Level Governing Community body of sport centre Policy Host world championships Maximise use by all age-groups Plan (a) Develop key facilities (b) Prepare/subm it a bid Two year plan to increase visits by older people by 50% Management (If successful) Manage the championship event. Implement daily morning keep-fit sessions for older people A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Examples of policy/planning/management research Level Governing Community body of sport centre Sport club Policy Host world championships Maximise use by all age-groups Develop junior competition Plan (a) Develop key facilities (b) Prepare/subm it a bid Two year plan to increase visits by older people by 50% Prepare strategy plan to recruit teams/coaches & secure venues/ sponsorship Management (If successful) Manage the championship event. Implement daily Implement the strategy morning keep-fit sessions for older people A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

The Rational-Comprehensive Planning/ Management Process (Fig. 1. 5) Research can play a role in all stages 1. Terms of reference/brief 2. Values/mission/vision/goals 3. Decide planning approach 5. Consult with 4. Environmental appraisal stakeholders 6. Develop options 7. Evaluate options 8. Decide strategy/goals/objectives 9. Implement/manage 10. Monitor/evaluate/feedback A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Example of planning/management + research (Fig 1. 6) Steps Planning/policy/management activity Associated research 1. Brief Increase young people's participation in sport Existing research indicates 40% participation rate 2. Set values/ mission/goals Increase participation level to 60% over 5 years - 3. Decide planning approach Needs-based, demand-based, etc. : for discussion, see Veal (2010: Ch. 7) As below 4. Environmental appraisal Consider existing supply - demand Existing programs & infrastructure fully used 5. Consult stakeholders Consult sporting clubs, schools, young people Survey indicates support in all groups; confirms feasibility 6. Develop options 1. Publicity campaign 2. Free vouchers 3. Build more community facilities 4. Provide support to clubs/ schools 5. Train leaders/coaches/ teachers Review of experience of each option in other regions, based on published accounts and a survey A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Example contd. Steps Planning/policy/management activity Associated research 7. Evaluate options 1 -5 Each option costed; on basis of survey evidence, estimate made of cost-effectiveness of each option. 8. Decode strategy/ gals/objectives Options 3 & 4 adopted Options 3 & 4 recommended 9. Implement/ manage Implement options 3 & 4 - 10. Monitor/evaluate/ feedback Assess success in terms of increased participation. Continue program: increase resources for training coaches/ leaders Survey indicates participation increase to 45% after 1 year, but shortage of coaches/ leaders A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Who does research? (Fig. 1. 7) • Academics – Part of the job description. Knowledge for its own sake = some engagement with industry/professions • Students – Coursework projects + Theses • Government and commercial organisations – To inform/evaluate ‘evidence-based policy’ • Managers – To inform practice. monitor performance, aid decisionmaking • Consultants – Under contract to govt and industry A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Managers conduct research on: (Fig. 1. 7) • • Current customers Potential customers/community – market research Environmental appraisal Organisational performance – Sales – Efficiency – Staff performance/motivation • Competitors • Products – Existing – New A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Who pays? (Fig. 1. 9) • • • Unfunded University internal funds Government-funded research councils Private trusts Industry – public, commercial or non-profit A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Research outputs (Fig. 1. 10) • • • Academic journal articles Professional journal articles Conference presentations/papers Books Policy/planning/management reports – – – – Position statements Market profiles Market research Market segmentation/lifestyle studies Feasibility studies Sport/recreation needs studies Sport tourism strategies/marketing plans Forecasting studies A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge