Power Point Presentation to Accompany Chapter 16 of
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Power. Point Presentation to Accompany Chapter 16 of Management Fundamentals Canadian Edition Schermerhorn Wright Prepared by: Michael K. Mc. Cuddy Adapted by: Lynda Anstett & Lorie Guest Published by: John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Planning Ahead — Chapter 16 Study Questions Ø How do teams contribute to organizations? Ø What are the current trends in the use of teams? Ø How do teams work? Ø How do teams make decisions? Ø What are the challenges of leading high- performance teams? Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 2
Study Question 1: How do teams contribute to organizations? Ø Team – A small group of people with complementary skills, who work together to achieve a shared purpose and hold themselves mutually accountable for performance results. Ø Teamwork – The process of people actively working together to accomplish common goals Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 3
Study Question 1: How do teams contribute to organizations? Ø Team and teamwork roles for managers: – Supervisor — serving as the appointed head of a formal work unit. – Network facilitator — serving as a peer leader an network hub for a special task force. – Participant — serving as a helpful contributing member of a project team. – External coach — serving as the external convenor or sponsor of a problem-solving team staffed by others. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 4
Figure 16. 1 Team and teamwork roles for managers. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 5
Study Question 1: How do teams contribute to organizations? Ø Common problems in teams: – Personality conflicts. – Individual differences in work styles. – Ambiguous agendas. – Ill-defined problems. – Poor readiness to work. • • • Lack of motivation. Conflicts with other deadlines or priorities. Lack of team organization or progress. Meetings that lack purpose or structure. Members coming to meetings unprepared. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 6
Study Question 1: How do teams contribute to organizations? Ø Seven sins of deadly meetings: – People arrive late, leave early, and don’t take things – – – seriously. The meeting is too long. People don’t stay on topic. The discussion lacks candor. The right information isn’t available, so decisions are postponed. No one puts decisions into action. The same mistakes are made meeting after meeting. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 7
Study Question 1: How do teams contribute to organizations? ØSynergy – The creation of a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. – A team uses its membership resources to the fullest and thereby achieves through collective action far more than could be achieved otherwise. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 8
Study Question 1: How do teams contribute to organizations? Ø Usefulness of teams: – More resources for problem solving. – Improved creativity and innovation. – Improved quality of decision making. – Greater commitments to tasks. – Higher motivation through collective action. – Better control and work discipline. – More individual need satisfaction. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 9
Study Question 1: How do teams contribute to organizations? Ø Formal groups — – Teams that are officially recognized and supported by the organization for specific purposes. – Specifically created to perform essential tasks. – Managers and leaders serve “linking pin” roles. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 10
Study Question 1: How do teams contribute to organizations? Ø Informal groups — – Not recognized on organization charts. – Not officially created for an organizational purpose. – Emerge as part of the informal structure and from natural or spontaneous relationships among people. – Include interest, friendship, and support groups. – Can have positive performance impact. – Can help satisfy social needs. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 11
Study Question 2: What are the current trends in the use of teams? Ø Committees, project teams, and task forces — – Committees. • People outside their daily job assignments work together in a small team for a specific purpose. • Task agenda is narrow, focused, and ongoing. – Projects teams or task forces. • People from various parts of an organization work together on common problems, but on a temporary basis. • Official tasks are very specific and time defined. • Disbands after task is completed. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 12
Study Question 2: What are the current trends in the use of teams? Ø Guidelines for managing projects and task forces: – Select appropriate team members. – Clearly define the purpose of the team. – Carefully select a team leader. – Periodically review progress. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 13
Study Question 2: What are the current trends in the use of teams? Ø Cross-functional teams — – Members come from different functional units of an organization. – Team works on a specific problem or task with the needs of the whole organization in mind. – Teams are created to knock down “walls” separating departments. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 14
Study Question 2: What are the current trends in the use of teams? Ø Employee involvement teams — – Groups of workers who meet on a regular basis outside of their formal assignments. – Have the goal of applying their expertise and attention to continuous improvement. – Quality circles represent a common form of employee involvement teams. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 15
Study Question 2: What are the current trends in the use of teams? Ø Virtual teams — – Teams of people who work together and solve problems through largely computer-mediated rather than face-to-face interactions. – Sometimes called … • Computer-mediated groups • Electronic group networks Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 16
Study Question 2: What are the current trends in the use of teams? Ø Potential advantages of Ø Potential problems of virtual teams: – Savings in time and travel expenses. – Minimization or elimination of interpersonal difficulties. – Ease of expansion. virtual teams: – Difficulty in establishing good working relationships. – Depersonalization of working relationships. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 17
Study Question 2: What are the current trends in the use of teams? Ø Guidelines for managing virtual teams: – Virtual teams should begin with social messaging. – Team members should be assigned clear roles. – Team members must have positive attitudes that support team goals. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 18
Study Question 2: What are the current trends in the use of teams? Ø Self-managing work teams — – Teams of workers whose jobs have been redesigned to create a high degree of task interdependence and who have been given authority to make many decisions about how to do the required work. – Also known as autonomous work groups. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 19
Study Question 2: What are the current trends in the use of teams? Ø Typical self-management responsibilities: – Planning and scheduling work. – Training members in various tasks. – Sharing tasks. – Meeting performance goals. – Ensuring high quality. – Solving day-to-day operating problems. – In some cases, hiring and firing team members. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 20
Study Question 2: What are the current trends in the use of teams? Ø In self-managing work teams, members … – Are held collectively accountable for performance results. – Have discretion in distributing tasks within the team. – Have discretion in scheduling work within the team. – Are able to perform more than one job on the team. – Evaluate one another’s performance contributions. – Are responsible for the total quality of team products. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 21
Figure 16. 2 Organizational and management implications of self-managing work teams. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 22
Study Question 3: How do teams work? Ø Effective teams … – Achieve and maintain high levels of task performance. – Achieve and maintain high levels of member satisfaction. – Retain viability for the future. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 23
Study Question 3: How do teams work? Ø Resource input factors that influence group process in the pursuit of team effectiveness: – Nature of the task. – Organizational setting. – Team size. – Membership characteristics. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 24
Study Question 3: How do teams work? Ø Group process: – The way the members of any team work together as they transform inputs into outputs : – Also known as group dynamics. – Includes communications, decision making, norms, cohesion, and conflict, among others. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 25
Study Question 3: How do teams work? Ø Team effectiveness may be summarized as … Team Effectiveness = Quality of Inputs + (Process Gains - Process Losses) Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 26
Figure 16. 3 An open-systems model of work team effectiveness. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 27
Study Question 3: How do teams work? Ø Stages of team development: – Forming — initial orientation and interpersonal testing. – Storming — conflict over tasks and ways of working as a team. – Norming — consolidation around task and operating agendas. – Performing — teamwork and focused task performance. – Adjourning — task accomplishment and eventual disengagement. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 28
Study Question 3: How do teams work? Ø Norms – Behavior expected of team members. – Rules or standards that guide behavior. – May result in team sanctions. Ø Performance norms – Define the level of work effort and performance that team members are expected to contribute to the team task. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 29
Figure 16. 4 Criteria for assessing the maturity of a team. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 30
Study Question 3: How do teams work? Ø Guidelines for building positive norms: – Act as a positive role model. – Reinforce the desired behaviors with rewards. – Control results by performance reviews and regular – – feedback. Orient and train new members to adopt desired behaviors. Recruit and select new members who exhibit desired behaviors. Hold regular meetings to discuss progress and ways of improving. Use team decision-making methods to reach agreement. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 31
Study Question 3: How do teams work? Ø Cohesiveness – The degree to which members are attracted to and motivated to remain part of a team. – Can be beneficial if paired with positive performance norms. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 32
Study Question 3: How do teams work? Ø Effects of team cohesiveness and norms: – Positive norms + high cohesiveness high performance and strong commitments to positive norms. – Positive norms + low cohesiveness moderate performance and weak commitments to positive norms. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 33
Study Question 3: How do teams work? Ø Effects of team cohesiveness and norms (cont. ): – Negative norms + low cohesiveness low to moderate performance and weak commitments to negative norms. – Negative norms + high cohesiveness low performance and strong commitments to negative norms. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 34
Figure 16. 5 How cohesiveness and norms influence team performance. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 35
Study Question 3: How do teams work? Ø Guidelines for increasing team cohesion: – Induce agreement on team goals. – Increase membership homogeneity. – Increase interaction among members. – Decrease team size. – Introduce competition with other teams. – Reward team rather than individual results. – Provide physical isolation from other teams. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 36
Study Question 3: How do teams work? Ø Task activities – Actions by team members that contribute directly to team’s performance purpose. – Include: • • • Initiating Information sharing Summarizing Elaborating Opinion giving Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 37
Study Question 3: How do teams work? Ø Maintenance activities – Support emotional life of a team as an ongoing social system. – Include: • • • Gatekeeping Encouraging Following Harmonizing Reducing tension Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 38
Study Question 3: How do teams work? Ø Distributed leadership roles … – Make every member responsible for recognizing when task and/or maintenance activities are needed and taking actions to provide them. – Leading through task activities focuses on solving problems and achieving performance results. – Leading through maintenance activities helps strengthen and perpetuate the team as a social system. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 39
Figure 16. 6 Distributed leadership helps teams meet task and maintenance needs. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 40
Study Question 3: How do teams work? Ø Dysfunctional activities that detract from team effectiveness: – – – – Being aggressive Blocking Self-confessing Seeking sympathy Competing Withdrawal Horsing around Seeking recognition Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 41
Study Question 3: How do teams work? Ø Communication networks – Decentralized • All members communicate directly with one another. – Centralized • Activities are coordinated and results pooled by central point of control. – Restricted • Polarized subgroups contest one another. • Subgroups may engage in antagonistic relations. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 42
Source: John R. Schermerhorn, Jr. , James G. Hunt, and Richard N. Osborn, Organizational Behavior, 8 th ed. (New York: Wiley, 2003), p. 347. Used by permission. Figure 16. 7 Interaction patterns and communication networks in teams. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 43
Study Question 4: How do teams make decisions? Ø Methods of team decision making: – Lack of response – Authority rule – Minority rule – Majority rule – Consensus – Unanimity Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 44
Study Question 4: How do teams make decisions? Ø Assets of team decision making: – Greater amounts of information, knowledge, and expertise. – Expands number of action alternatives considered. – Increases understanding and acceptance. – Increases commitment to follow through. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 45
Study Question 4: How do teams make decisions? Ø Potential disadvantages of team decision making: – Social pressure to conform. – Individual or minority group domination. – Time requirements. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 46
Study Question 4: How do teams make decisions? Ø Symptoms of groupthink: – – – – Illusions of group invulnerability. Rationalizing unpleasant and disconfirming data. Belief in inherent group morality. Negative stereotypes of competitors. Pressure to conform. Self-censorship of members. Illusions of unanimity. Mind guarding. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 47
Study Question 4: How do teams make decisions? Ø Methods for dealing with groupthink: – Have each group member be a critical evaluator. – Don’t appear to favor one course of action. – Create subteams to work on the same problems. – Have team members discuss issues with outsiders. – Have outside experts observe and provide feedback on team activities. – Assign a member to the devil’s advocate role. – Hold a second-chance meeting. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 48
Study Question 4: How do teams make decisions? Ø Creativity in team decision making — guidelines for brainstorming: – All criticism is ruled out. – Freewheeling is welcomed. – Quantity is important. – Building on one another’s ideas is encouraged. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 49
Study Question 4: How do teams make decisions? Ø Creativity in team decision making — steps in the nominal group technique: – Participants work alone, identifying possible solutions. – Ideas are shared in a round-robin fashion without any criticism or discussion. – Ideas are discussed and clarified in a round-robin sequence. – Members individually and silently follow a written voting procedure. – The last two steps are repeated as needed. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 50
Study Question 5: What are the challenges of leading high-performance teams? ØTeam building – A sequence of planned activities used to gather and analyze data on the functioning of a team and to implement constructive changes to increase its operating effectiveness. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 51
Study Question 5: What are the challenges of leading high-performance teams? Ø Steps in a cyclical team-building process: – Step 1 — problem awareness. – Step 2 — data gathering. – Step 3 — data analysis and diagnosis. – Step 4 — action planning. – Step 5 — action implementation. – Step 6 — evaluation. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 52
Figure 16. 8 Steps in the team-building process: case of the hospital top management team. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 53
Study Question 5: What are the challenges of leading high-performance teams? Ø Characteristics of high-performing teams: – A clear and elevating goal. – A task-driven, results-oriented structure. – Competent and committed members who work hard. – A collaborative climate. – High standards of excellence. – External support and recognition. – Strong and principled leadership. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 54
Study Question 5: What are the challenges of leading high-performance teams? Ø Effective team leaders act to: – Establish clear vision. – Create change. – Unleash talent. Management Fundamentals - Chapter 16 55
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