Power Point Presentation to Accompany 2011 Delmar Cengage

Power. Point Presentation to Accompany © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Chapter 9 Dietary Supplements and Performance Enhancers © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2

Objectives • Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: – Describe dietary supplements and their effect on the body – Give at least four examples of popular dietary supplements on the market today – Explain what performance enhancers do, and why many athletes take them © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 33

Objectives (cont’d. ) • Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to (cont’d. ): – Name the athletic organizations that monitor drug use by athletes – Discuss how education is important to the understanding of supplements and performance enhancers – Explain the athletic code of ethics © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 44

Popular Nutritional Supplements • The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act defines a dietary supplement as: – A product (other than tobacco) intended to enhance the diet, that contains one or more of the following: • • Vitamins Minerals Amino acids Herbs, and/or other botanical substances © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 55

Nutritional Supplements (cont’d. ) • Vitamins – Organic (carbon-containing) compounds that are essential in small amounts for body processes – Enable the body to use energy provided by fats, carbohydrates, and proteins – Don’t over use; more does not mean better © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 66

Nutritional Supplements (cont’d. ) • Vitamin supplements – Vitamins taken in addition to those received through the diet – Available in concentrated form in tablets, capsules, and drops • According to the FDA, the body cannot distinguish between a vitamin of plant or animal origin (natural) and one manufactured in a laboratory (synthetic) © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 77

Nutritional Supplements (cont’d. ) • Vitamin Myths – Food doesn’t contain right nutrients in adequate quantities – Help “bulk up” muscles & enhance performance – Provide needed energy – Can cure anything (including heart trouble, common cold, and cancer) © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 88

Nutritional Supplements (cont’d. ) • Minerals – Inorganic (non-carbon-containing) element – Necessary to build tissues, regulate body fluids, and assist in body functions – Contribute energy production as regulators, but do not provide energy – Found in water, and natural foods – Minerals in soil absorbed by plants © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 99

Nutritional Supplements (cont’d. ) • Herbal supplements – Some of the world's oldest medicines – 50% Americans believe good for health and wellbeing • Many safe, many are not – FDA considers them dietary supplements • Not regulated • New regulations will give FDA authority to oversee the manufacture of domestic and foreign-made dietary supplements (2010) © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1010

Nutritional Supplements (cont’d. ) • Glucosamine – Used to maintain joint cartilage – Not usually possible to ingest extra w/ food – Treat osteoarthritis & some sports injuries – Take with food – Side effects: stomach problems, heartburn, diarrhea – Types • Glucosamine sulfate • Glucosamine hydrochloride • N-acetyl-glucosamine © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1111

Nutritional Supplements (cont’d. ) • Chondroitin – Naturally found in human and animal cartilage – Proven abilities to treat osteoarthritis – Also used to treat psoriasis and cancers (tests inconclusive) – Appears to be non-toxic w/ no contraindications • Consult if taking anticoagulant medication © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1212

Performance Enhancers • Ergogenic aid – Any agent that enhances energy utilization, including energy production and efficiency © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1313

Performance Enhancers • Research athletes that have been caught using ergogenic aids – What were they using? – How did they get caught? – Did it help them? – Any adverse effects? – What was the punishment? © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1414

Performance Enhancers • Anabolic-androgenic steroids – Manmade substances related to male sex hormones – Available legally by prescription • Treat low amounts testosterone (delayed puberty, impotence, etc. ) – Most users are male © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1515

Performance Enhancers • Athletes take to enhance performance & improve appearance • Orally or injected in cycles • Increased risk of HIV/AIDS or hepatitis • Many psychiatric side effects: aggression, extreme mood swings (manic-like), depression, paranoid jealousy, irritability, delusions, impaired judgment (feeling invincible) © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1616

Performance Enhancers • Adverse effects include liver tumors, cancer, jaundice, fluid retention, high blood pressure, increases LDL and decreases HDL (bad and good cholesterol) • Men: shrinking testicles, reduced sperm, infertility, baldness, develop breasts, increased risk of prostate cancer • Women: grow facial hair, male-pattern baldness, change menstrual cycle, deep voice • Adolescents: halted growth, premature skeletal maturation, accelerated puberty changes © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1717

© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1818

Performance Enhancers (cont’d. ) • Growth hormones – Produced by the pituitary gland – Acts on most organs and tissues in the body – Works by increasing the conversion of amino acids into protein – Allows fat to be used for energy, saving glycogen • Adverse effects include heart disease, impotence, osteoporosis, and death © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1919

Performance Enhancers (cont’d. ) • Androstenedione – Steroid hormone naturally produced in both men and women that is converted to testosterone or to estrogen • Adverse effects include early puberty, premature cessation of bone growth, extreme aggression, mood changes, decreased levels of cardiacprotective HDLs and elevated levels of estrogen © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2020

Performance Enhancers (cont’d. ) • Caffeine – Increased alertness, energy, and improves mood – High levels can cause sleeplessness, anxiety, headache, upset stomach, nervousness, and dehydration – Banned over a certain limit by International Olympic Committee © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2121

Performance Enhancers (cont’d. ) • Creatine monohydrate – Amino acid made by the liver and kidneys – Found naturally in skeletal muscle – Is converted into phosphocreatine in the body • Serves as a storage reservoir for quick energy – Popular in power sports (increases skeletal mm) • Adverse effects include weight gain, muscle cramping, dehydration, gastrointestinal distress, nausea, and seizures, as well as effects on kidney function • May depress body’s own synthesis & may not return to normal © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2222

Performance Enhancers (cont’d. ) • Ephedra – Shrublike plant found in desert regions in central Asia and other parts of the world – Stimulant containing ephedrine – Widely used for weight loss, to boost energy, and to enhance athletic performance • Adverse effects include hypertension, palpitations, neuropathy, psychosis, stroke, memory loss, heartrate irregularities, insomnia, nervousness, tremors, seizures, heart attacks, and death © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2323

Current IOC, NCAA, and Professional Standards • International Olympic Committee Medical Commission – Created in 1961 to deal with doping – Goals: • Protect health, respect for medical and sports ethics, equality for competing athletes • National Collegiate Athletic Association – Drug-testing program – Drug classes: stimulants, anabolic steroids, other drugs © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2424

Current IOC, NCAA, and Professional Standards • Several professional athletic teams have written policy statements concerning the use of banned substances © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2525

Current IOC, NCAA, and Professional Standards • Research NCAA, professional, and Olympic (IOC) rules on banned substances – What are some of the banned substances? – How do they test for it? – What happens if test positive (i. e. punishments)? © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2626

Education for Athletes • The Healthy Competition Foundation – Provides research, information, and strategies designed to eliminate use of performance enhancers • • American College of Sports Medicine International Olympic Committee National Athletic Trainers Association National Collegiate Athletic Association © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2727

Education for Athletes (cont’d. ) • National Federation of State High School Associations • Physician and Sports Medicine • United States Food and Drug Administration • United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) • World Anti-Doping Agency © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2828

Ethics in Athletics • Athletic code of ethics – Essential for protecting and promoting the interests of athletics and coaching profession – Ethics are basic principles of proper action – Essential elements are honesty and integrity – Code's primary purpose is to clarify and distinguish ethical practices from those that are detrimental and harmful © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2929

Ethics in Athletics (cont’d. ) • Proper conduct and good sportsmanship refer to standards such as: – Treat other persons as you know they should be treated, and as you would wish them to fairly treat you – Regard the rules of your game as agreements, the spirit or letter of which you should not evade or break – Treat officials and opponents with respect © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 3030

Ethics in Athletics (cont’d. ) • Proper conduct and good sportsmanship standards (cont’d. ): – Accept the final decision of any official – Honor visiting teams and spectators as your own guests and treat them as such – Be gracious in victory and defeat – Be as cooperative as you are competitive – Remember that your actions on and off the field reflect upon you and your school © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 3131

Ethics in Athletics (cont’d. ) • Athletics and sports in schools serve these purposes: – To teach and instruct students in the rules, fundamentals, and skills of various individual and team sports, and to provide physical training – To provide healthy competition and cooperation within and between schools © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 3232

Ethics in Athletics (cont’d. ) • Athletics and sports in schools serve these purposes (cont’d. ): – To develop aspects of good sportsmanship that will enhance each student’s education – To maintain the spirit of true amateur competition © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 3333

Ethics in Athletics (cont’d. ) • Guidelines for Coaches – School athletics part of education, not goal itself – Assist students toward developing fullest potential – Behavior of team can reflect coach’s own manner, and the school – Responsible for remaining objective © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 3434

Ethics in Athletics (cont’d. ) • Guidelines for players – Respect themselves, coaches, and school – Rivalries encouraged, but disrespect is unsportsmanlike – Comply fully with rulings of officials – Adhere to rules of school, athletic department, and coaches © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 3535

Conclusion • The use of dietary supplements and performance enhancers is a controversial issue – It is widely acknowledged that use of supplements and enhancers can do more harm than good – Athletes must understand the associated risks © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 3636

© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 3737