Power Point Presentation Publisher The GoodheartWillcox Co Inc
Power. Point Presentation Publisher The Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Tinley Park, Illinois © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 1 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Chapter 11 Footings, Foundations, and Concrete 2 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Chapter 11 Overview • • Introduction Staking Out House Location Excavation Footing Shapes and Specifications Foundation Walls Concrete and Masonry Basement Walls Beams and Girders (continued) 3 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Chapter 11 Overview • Concrete and Masonry • Concrete Blocks • Paving 4 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Learning Objectives • Describe the procedure for staking out a house location. • List the major considerations when designing a footing for a residential foundation. • Analyze a typical floor plan to determine the appropriate foundation. (continued) 5 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Learning Objectives • Discuss the design considerations for wood, concrete, and masonry foundation walls. • Calculate the load to be supported by a beam. • Explain the purpose of a lintel. 6 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Introduction • A good foundation is very important. • It requires careful planning and design. • Types of foundations: – Masonry or concrete. – All-weather wood. – Slab type. • Specialized CADD programs are available to aid the process. 7 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Types of Foundations • Masonry foundation. 8 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Types of Foundations • All-weather wood foundation. (The Engineered Wood Association) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 9 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Types of Foundations • Slab foundation. 10 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Staking Out House Location • The plot plan provides the necessary dimensions for staking out the house. • The task requires a measuring tape, contractor’s level, and possibly a transit. • Locate each corner of the house. • Use 9 -12 -15 unit method for square corners. • Check for accuracy by diagonal measurement. 11 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Batter Boards • Batter boards retain location of the foundation during construction. • Locate them 4' outside the footing line. • Corner stakes located with a plumb bob. • Batter boards are attached to the stakes. • Determine a control point (corner). • Finished floor should be at least 8" above the grade. 12 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Batter Boards • Squaring a corner using the 9 -12 -15 unit method. 13 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Checking Accuracy • Measuring diagonals. 14 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Batter Boards in Place 15 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Excavation • Top soil should be removed and saved. • A backhoe generally used to excavate. • Excavation for footings should extend at least 6" into undisturbed earth. • The depth of excavation should also be at least 6" below frost penetration. • No backfilling under footings. • Soil tests determine soil suitability. (continued) 16 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Excavation • Excavation must be large enough to allow space to work on the foundation. • Excavation wall should slope away from the bottom of the excavation. • Slope angle will depend on soil type. – Sandy soil requires a gentle slope. – Wall may be nearly vertical in clay. 17 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Frost Penetration Chart • Average depth of frost penetration in inches. (US Department of Commerce Weather Bureau) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 18 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Footing Shapes • Footings increase supporting capacity of the foundation wall. • Most houses require footings. • Soil bearing capacity and weight of house determine the size and type of footing. • Footings are generally poured concrete. • Footing size is typically based on the foundation wall thickness. 19 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Footing Shapes • A footing expands load bearing area. 20 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Footing Shapes • General proportions of a footing. 21 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Footing Specifications • Footing thickness generally equals the foundation wall thickness. • Footing width is twice the wall thickness. • Poor soil may require wider footings. • Settling occurs during construction. • Prevent uneven settling. • Check code recommendations. • Use steel reinforcing bars. 22 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Fireplace and Chimney Footings • Fireplace and chimney footings are more massive than regular house footings. – Should be reinforced with steel. – 12 inches thick. – Extend 6 inches beyond the perimeter of the chimney. – Cast integrally with house footing. 23 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Stepped Footings • Stepped footings are necessary when building on hilly terrain. – Steps should be placed horizontally. – Vertical step height is no more than 3/4 of the distance between the steps. – Steps should be multiples of 8 inches in masonry construction. – Use 1/2" steel bars in footings. 24 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Stepped Footing • A stepped footing and foundation wall in masonry construction. 25 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Foundation Walls • Extend from the first floor to the footing. • May also be basement walls. • Variety of materials may be used: – Cast concrete, concrete block, pressuretreated wood, and stone or brick. • Four basic types of foundation walls: – T-foundation, slab foundation, pier and post foundation, and wood foundation. 26 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Foundation Walls • Foundation wall materials. 27 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Foundation Walls • Foundation types. 28 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
T-Foundations • The T-foundation is the most common type of residential foundation. – Name is derived from the shape. – Footing and foundation wall are usually separate parts. – Footings are usually cast in forms. – Variety of applications of T-foundation. 29 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
T-Foundation Application • 8" foundation wall with insulated slab floor. 30 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
T-Foundation Application • 8" basement wall and footing. 31 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
T-Foundation Application • Insulated slab for perimeter heat. 32 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
T-Foundation Application • 12" concrete block foundation for brick veneer on frame. 33 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
T-Foundation Application • Poured concrete foundation for brick and block wall. 34 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Footing Forms • Construction boards. 35 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Footing Forms • Manufactured forms that stay in place and serve as a drain tile. (Certain. Teed Corporation) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 36 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Slab Foundations • A slab foundation is an extension of a slab floor. • Cast when the floor is placed. • Sometimes called thickened edge slab. • Should extend below the frost line. • Reinforcement is recommended. • Advantages: Requires less time, labor, and expense to construct. 37 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Slab Foundation Application • Foundation for 10" cavity wall with slab floor. 38 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Slab Foundation Application • Foundation for 10" masonry bonded wall with slab floor. 39 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Slab Foundation Application • Thickened edge slab foundation for frame wall. 40 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Slab Foundation Application • 8" bearing wall partition on slab floor. 41 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Pier and Column Foundations • Piers and columns are similar. • Pier foundations sometimes replace T-foundations under the house. • Piers often used in a long crawl space. • Columns are used in basements where the span is too long. • The difference between piers and columns is their height. • A column has a footing and post. 42 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Pier Foundation 43 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Pier Variations 44 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Post (Column) Foundation • A pipe or adjustable jack post is frequently used to support a beam. This is a column or post foundation. 45 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Post (Column) Foundation 46 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Wood Foundations • Wood foundations are a below-grade, pressure-treated, plywood-sheathed stud wall. • Popular where winter weather stops construction. • Accepted by HUD, FHA, and Fm. HA. • May be used in basement or crawl space construction. 47 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Wood Foundation • Typical wood foundation with crawl space. 48 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Wood Foundation • Typical wood foundation for basement. 49 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Wood Foundation Construction • Placing the footing plate. (Osmose Wood Products) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 50 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Wood Foundation Construction • Excavation should allow for 2" sand or 6" crushed stone for the footing. • Sand base must be perfectly level and accurately located. • Footing plates are 2" x 8", 2 x 10", or 2" x 12" pressure-treated lumber. • Foundation walls are 2"x 4" or 2" x 6" stud frame. 51 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Wood Foundation Construction • Fasteners are silicon, bronze, copper, or zinc-coated steel. • Sheathing is pressure treated plywood. • All framing lumber is pressure treated. • Backfill after basement floor has cured and first floor is installed. 52 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Wood Foundation Construction • Basement walls in place. (Osmose Wood Products) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 53 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Concrete and Masonry Basement Walls • Factors influencing strength and stability of a basement wall include: – Height and thickness. – Bond of the mortar in a masonry wall. – Vertical loading. – Support from cross walls or pilasters. – Support from first floor framing. • Wall thickness depends on lateral earth pressure and vertical load. 54 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Minimum Thickness of Basement Walls (Portland Cement Association) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 55 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Pilasters • Pilasters may be used to strengthen basement walls. • Built at the same time as the wall. • Masonry wall pilasters are usually 8" x 16" in an 8" thick wall. • Distance between pilasters should not exceed 15' in an 8" wall and 18' in a 10" wall. • Pilasters are also used to support beams. 56 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Pilasters 57 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Wall Stiffeners • Wall stiffeners provide an alternative to pilasters. • Accomplished by placing a Number 4 bar in one core of the block from footing to top plate. • Another method is horizontal steel joint reinforcement at 16" intervals vertically. 58 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Basement Wall Construction • Top of wall should be at least 8" above the grade in frame construction. • Wood sills should be anchored to basement wall with anchors or clips. • Provide at least 7'-5" headroom. • Load bearing cross walls in basement are not masonry bonded to entire wall. – Use tie bars 1/4" by 1 -1/4" by 28" long. (continued) 59 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Basement Wall Construction • Anchor clips. (The Panel Clip Company) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 60 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Basement Wall Construction • A solid cap is recommended to spread the load over the wall. • Dampproofing required on the outside of the basement wall: – Parge coat and sealer. • Excess ground water removal system may be needed. 61 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Basement Wall Section 62 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Removal Method • Drain tile placement. 63 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Removal Method • Footing forms that serve as drain tiles. (Certain. Teed Corporation) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 64 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Beams and Girders • Beams or girders support floor joists over long spans. • May be wood or metal. – Wood beams may be built-up or solid. – Steel beams may be S-beams or W-beams. • Size based on weight of the structure and the span. 65 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Typical Steel Beams 66 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Structure Loads • Dead load is the weight of the structure itself: – Roofing, siding, joist, etc. • Live load is the fixed or moving weights: – Furniture, appliances, occupants, snow on the roof, etc. 67 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Weight Supported by Beam 68 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Load Assumptions • First Floor and Second Floor – Live + dead load = 50 pounds per square foot. • Ceiling – Live + dead load = 30 pounds per square foot. • Walls – Dead load = 10 pounds per square foot. • Roof – No load on beam. 69 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Weight Calculations Example • Two Story Frame Structure – 28' x 40'. • Area of the House – 1120 square feet per floor. • Wall Area – 320 square foot per wall. • Assumes a bearing wall on each floor. 70 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Weight Calculations Example • Foundation of the house. 71 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Weight Calculations Example • • • Weight of first floor = 56, 000 lbs. Weight of second floor = 56, 000 lbs. Weight of ceiling = 33, 600 lbs. Total weight = 145, 600 lbs. Half bears on the beam = 72, 800 lbs. First and second floor wall weight total = 6, 400 lbs. • Weight bearing on the beam = 79, 200 lbs. 72 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Weight Calculations Example • W-beam span and load table. (American Institute of Steel Construction) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 73 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Weight Calculations Example • Length of beam = 40 feet. • Three columns reduce span to 10'-0" and 19. 8 kips(1 kip = 1000 pounds). • An 8" x 6 1/2" WF beam will support 23 kips. 74 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Weight Calculations Example • Three supporting posts are added. 75 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Weight Calculations Example • Post Selection – Size is determined by weight to be supported and length of post. – Post must support 26 kips. – Post length is 8 feet. – Chart (Figure 11 -32 in text) shows that a 3" post will support 34 kips. 76 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Weight Calculations Example • Weight supported by each post. 77 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Weight Calculations Example • Steep pipe columns load table. (American Institute of Steel Construction) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 78 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Lintels • A lintel is a horizontal structural member that supports the load over an opening. • Materials – Precast concrete, cast-in-place concrete, lintel blocks, steel angle. • Bearing surface of steel angle lintel extends into the masonry at least 4". 79 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Types of Lintels 80 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Precast Lintel • In a masonry wall. 81 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Steel Angle Lintel • In a brick wall. 82 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Concrete • Concrete is ordered by the cubic yard. – One cubic yard is 27 cubic feet. • A “six-bag mix” recommended. • Concrete is composed of cement, sand, large aggregate, and water. • It requires 28 days to fully cure at 70°F. 83 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Concrete Finishing • A screed used to smooth the surface. • A float used to embed large aggregate, remove imperfections, and consolidate mortar. • A trowel used to develop a hard, smooth surface. 84 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Contraction Joints • Contraction joints are used to minimize and control cracking. • Place in line with interior columns. • Place at changes in width of slab. • Maximum spacing of joints is 20 feet. 85 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Floor Slabs • A concrete floor slab should be placed on 4" to 6" of compacted sand. • Slab thickness is 4" minimum. • Slabs should not be bonded to footings or columns. • A 1" thick sand cushion may be used to separate the slab from the footing. 86 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Floor Slab Section 87 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Concrete Blocks • Used to form exterior and interior walls. • Variety of sizes and shapes available. • Hollow concrete masonry units. – Basic size is 8" x 16". – Actual size is 7 -5/8" x 15 -5/8". – Designed for a 3/8" mortar joint. – Decorative blocks are available. 88 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Common Concrete Blocks 89 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Decorative Concrete Blocks 90 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Paving • A rigid paving system is installed on a concrete base. – Use Type M mortar for rigid paving. • A flexible paving system is installed on compacted sand crushed stone. – Prevent creep with rigid edge restraint • Paving units should conform to ASTM C 902. • Use 2 -1/4" pavers for driveways. 91 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Brick Paving 92 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Flexible Paving System • Spreading the crushed stone base. 93 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Flexible Paving System • Leveling the setting sand bed. 94 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Flexible Paving System • Rigid edge restraint prevents creep. 95 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Flexible Paving System • The pavers for this driveway turnaround are 2 -1/4" pavers. 96 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
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