Power Point Presentation Publisher The GoodheartWillcox Co Inc
Power. Point Presentation Publisher The Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Tinley Park, Illinois © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 1 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Chapter 4 Drawing Instruments and Techniques © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 2 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Chapter 4 Overview • • • Introduction Orthographic Projection Three Principal Views Architectural Manual Drafting Equipment Freehand Sketching 3 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Chapter 4 Overview • • Computer-Aided Drafting and Design Lines Used in Architectural Drafting Architectural Lettering CADD Symbols Library 4 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Learning Objectives • Define three principal views in orthographic projection. • List and explain the use of architectural drafting equipment. • Explain the difference between size and scale. • Reproduce the standard alphabet of lines. (continued) 5 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Learning Objectives • Demonstrate an acceptable architectural lettering style. • Freehand sketch. • Identify the basic components of a CADD workstation. 6 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Introduction • Understanding basic drafting practices and the use of equipment is expected before attempting architectural drafting. • Most of the equipment and principles are similar to mechanical drafting. • A review of the basic drawing concepts will establish a foundation for architectural drafting. 7 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Orthographic Projection • Orthographic projection is the most basic drafting technique. – A means of representing the height, width, and depth of a three-dimensional object on two-dimensional paper. – The object is viewed at infinity, thus projection lines are parallel to each other. – Typically, three views are used. 8 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Orthographic Projection • This camp cottage shows the arrangement of views in orthographic projection. 9 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Three Principal Views • The three principal views in orthographic projection are the top, front, and right side views. • In architectural drafting, the views are similar but have different names. – The top view of a house is called a plan view; used as the basis for most other drawings. (continued) 10 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Three Principal Views – The floor plan is a top view in section taken about half way up the wall. – The front elevation in architectural drafting is the same as the front view in mechanical drafting. – Architectural drafters ordinarily draw a view of each side of the structure, which are called elevations. 11 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Three Principal Views • How orthographic views are projected. 12 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drafting Equipment • An architectural drafter uses equipment that is designed for specific purposes. • Using this specialized equipment requires skill and understanding. – The manual drafter uses traditional equipment such as triangles and scales. – The CADD drafter produces drawings on a computer. (continued) 13 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drafting Equipment • Common manual drafting equipment. (continued) (Koh-I-Noor Rapidograph, Inc. ) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 14 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drafting Equipment • Common CADD workstation. 15 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Pencils used in manual drafting are available in wood and mechanical types. (continued) (Berol USA) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 16 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • The most popular types of erasers used by architectural drafters are rubber and plastic. (continued) 17 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Electric erasers can be used to quickly erase large areas. (continued) (Staedtler Mars Gmb. H & Co. ) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 18 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Erasing shields are made of metal or plastic. They are thin to provide for accurate erasing. (continued) (Staedtler Mars Gmb. H & Co. ) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 19 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Most architectural drawings are finished on tracing paper, velum, or drafting film. • Paper Sizes – A-size (9" x 12") – B-size (12" x 18") – C-size (18" x 24") – D-size (24" x 36") – E-size (36" x 48") (continued) 20 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Common paper sizes. (continued) 21 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Drawing Boards – Standard sizes: 12" x 18", 18" x 24", 24" x 36", and 30" x 42". – Materials: White pine, basswood, and plywood. • T-Squares – Materials: Wood, metal, plastics, and a combination. (continued) 22 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Drafting machines speed the work of the manual drafter and are usually permanently attached to the drafting table. (continued) (Vemco Corporation) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 23 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Triangles are used to draw nonhorizontal lines. – 45° and 30°-60° triangles. – Metal or plastic. – Adjustable triangle (shown). (continued) (Staedtler Mars Gmb. H & Co. ) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 24 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Protractors are used for measuring angles. – Semicircular and circular styles. (continued) 25 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Architectural drafters use architect’s, engineer’s, and combination scales. 26 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Architect’s Scale • Divided into 3/32", 3/16", 1/8", 1/4", 1/2", 3/8", 3/4", 1 -1/2", and 3" to the foot. • One edge divided into 16 parts to the inch. • Divisions based on 12 units to the foot. • Used for most work. 27 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Engineer’s Scale • Divided into 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 parts to the inch. • Divisions based on 10 units to the inch. • The engineer’s scale is used by the architectural drafter to draw plot plans. 28 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Combination Scale • Divided into 1/8", 1/4", 1/2", 3/8", 3/4", and 1" to the foot. • One edge is divided into 50 parts to the inch. • One edge is divided into 16 parts to the inch. • Divisions include 12 units to the foot and 10 units to the inch. 29 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Size Compared to Scale • “Size” and “scale” need clarification. • “Half size” means the drawing is one half as large as the object. • Scale: 1/2" = 1'-0" means the drawing is 1/2 scale. • 1/2 scale means 1/2" on the drawing = 1'-0" on the object. • Residential plans are generally 1/4" = 1'0" scale. 30 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Reading the Scale • The 1/8" = 1'-0" and 1/4"=1'-0" scales are printed on the upper edge of this architect’s scale. (continued) 31 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Reading the Scale • The proper method of measuring 16'-4" using the 1/4" = 1'-0" scale. 32 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Dividers are used to divide a line into a number of parts. – Three types are shown. (continued) 33 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • The compass is used to draw circles, arcs, or radii. – Center-wheel type shown. (continued) 34 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • The beam compass is used to draw large arcs. (continued) 35 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Lettering guides are used to draw guidelines for hand lettering. – Types: Ames and Braddock-Rowe. (continued) 36 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Irregular curves are used to draw curved lines that cannot be drawn with a compass. – Flexible curve. (continued) 37 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • The case instruments may include dividers, compass, lining pens, pencil pointers, spare parts, small screwdriver, and various other instruments. (continued) 38 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Lettering devices are used when uniformity of letters is essential. – Stencil type. (continued) 39 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Technical pens are used to ink a drawing. Points are interchangeable and range from 000 to 8. (continued) (Staedtler Mars Gmb. H & Co. ) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 40 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Templates serve as guides in drawing special lines or symbols. Most are made of plastic. (continued) (Berol USA) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 41 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Drafting Equipment • Grids are available in a wide variety of sizes and forms: square, isometric, and perspective. 42 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Freehand Sketching • Freehand sketching is a method of making a drawing without the use of instruments. – Most designers use sketches to “think through” an idea before making the final drawing. – Freehand sketching requires only a pencil and plain or grid paper. (continued) 43 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Freehand Sketching • Cross-section paper may be used for freehand sketching. 44 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Sketching Technique • When sketching, hold the pencil with a grip firm enough to control the strokes. • Your arm and hand should have a free and easy movement. • As you sketch, rotate the pencil slightly between the strokes to retain the point longer. • Initial lines should be sharp and light. 45 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Sketching Technique • Apply light pressure to avoid making grooves in the paper. • Keep your eye on the point where the line will end; use a series of short strokes to reach that point. • When all the lines are sketched, go back and darken the lines. • Strive for neatness and good technique. 46 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Sketching Technique • When sketching, grip your the pencil farther back than you normally would. 47 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Sketching Horizontal Lines • There are four basic steps. 48 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Sketching Vertical Lines • There are four basic steps. 49 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Sketching Inclined Lines • Locate the end points of the line. • Position arm for trial movement. • Sketch several short, light lines. • Focus on end point. • Darken the line. 50 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Sketching an Angle • First, sketch a right angle (90°). • Subdivide the right angle to get the angle you desire. 51 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Sketching Circles and Arcs • There are several methods of sketching circles and arcs: – Centerline method. – Enclosing square method. – Hand-pivot method. – Free-circle method. • All are sufficiently accurate, so use the best method for a particular situation. 52 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Centerline Method • • • Locate centerlines. Mark off radius. Position arm. Sketch the circle in short sweeps. Darken the circle. 53 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Enclosing Square Method • Locate centerlines. • Sketch a box equal to the diameter. • Sketch arcs where the centerlines cross the box line. • Sketch the circle. 54 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Hand-Pivot Method • First, position the pencil and small finger. Then, rotate the paper to sketch the circle. 55 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Sketching Ellipses • The rectangular method for sketching ellipses is similar to the enclosing square method for circles. 56 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Sketching Irregular Curves • Sketch an irregular curve by connecting a series of points at intervals of 1/4" to 1/2" along its path. 57 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Proportion in Sketching • Proportion is the size relationship of one part to another or to the whole object. • Keep the same width, height, and depth in proportion. – Unit method. – Pencil-sight method. (continued) 58 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Proportion in Sketching • Gauge proportions using the pencilsight method. 59 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
CADD • Computer-aided drafting and design (CADD) consists of hardware and software components. – Hardware components include the physical devices. – Software programs are used to create drawings or other documents. • Output devices produce drawing hard copies. 60 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
CADD Hardware 61 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
CADD Software • The programming commands tell the computer hardware which drawing and design tasks to perform. • General and AEC CADD are available. (continued) 62 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
CADD Software • This is a CADD-generated drawing. (Soft. Plan Systems, Inc. ) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 63 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
CADD Output Devices • Plotter – Produces high-quality drawings (as shown) using pens or pencils. • Printer – Laser and inkjet printers also produce good quality. (Design. Jet Division, Hewlett-Packard) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 64 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Architectural Alphabet of Lines • • • Border Lines Object Lines Hidden Lines Centerlines Extension Lines Dimension Lines Long Break Lines Short Break Lines Cutting-Plane Lines Section Lines Guidelines Construction Lines 65 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Border Lines • Border lines are very heavy lines used to form a boundary for the drawing. • Use a 0. 70 mm pen. 66 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Object Lines • Object lines are heavy lines that outline features of an object. • Use a 0. 50 mm pen. 67 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Hidden Lines • Hidden lines represent edges that are behind a visible surface in a given view. • Use a 0. 35 mm pen. 68 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Centerlines • Centerlines indicate the center of holes and symmetrical objects, such as windows and doors. • Use a 0. 25 mm pen. 69 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Extension Lines Extension lines • Extension lines are used to denote the termination points of a dimension line. • Use a 0. 25 mm pen. 70 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Dimension Lines • Dimension lines are used to show size and location. They have a dimension figure halfway between the ends of the dimension line. • Use a 0. 25 mm pen. 71 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Long Break Lines • Long break lines are used to show that not all of the part is shown. • Use a 0. 25 mm pen. 72 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Short Break Lines • Short break lines show part of the object broken away. • Use a 0. 70 mm pen. 73 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Cutting-Plane Lines • Cutting-plane lines are used to show where the object is sectioned. • Use a 0. 70 mm pen. 74 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Section (Crosshatch) Lines • Section lines or crosshatch lines are used to show that a feature is sectioned. • May represent different types of material. • Use a 0. 25 mm pen. 75 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Guidelines • Guidelines are used in hand lettering to keep lettering straight. • Very light lines. • Drawn in pencil only. 76 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Construction Lines • Construction lines are used in the process of constructing a drawing. • Should not be reproduced. • Not inked or plotted. 77 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Line Type Application • In manual drafting, all lines are black and vary only in width. Colors may be used in CADD. 78 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Pencil Hardness Guidelines • Range from 9 H (very hard) to 9 B (very soft). • Use 6 H for construction and guidelines. • Use 4 H for dimension, extension, center, leader, long break, and section lines. • Use 2 H for object, hidden, cutting plane, short break, and border lines. • Use H for lettering. 79 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Architectural Lettering • There is no single style of architectural lettering. Most lean toward the artistic. • Develop your own style. 80 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Developing a Lettering Style • • Use guidelines for hand lettering. Experiment with variations of letters. Select an artistic lettering style. Apply a basic technique to similar letters. Make a mental picture of each letter. Practice “your” style to gain precision. Use your style in your work. (continued) 81 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Developing a Lettering Style • Variations of letters add interest. (continued) 82 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Developing a Lettering Style • The space between letters in a word is not constant. • Learn the spacing that looks best. (continued) 83 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Developing a Lettering Style • Words should not appear to run together or be too far apart. • Space between words should usually equal the height of an uppercase letter. • Most information lettered on a drawing is 1/8" or 3/32" high. • Try making the first letter in each word 1/8" and the remainder 3/32" high. (continued) 84 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Developing a Lettering Style • Draw the first letter of each word larger than the succeeding letters for emphasis. 85 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
CADD Symbols Library • Using a CADD symbols library provides a time savings. – Standard symbols are included in most CADD software programs. – Symbols are stored on the disk and are called up when needed. – User created symbols are possible. – Symbols may also be inserted using a digitizing tablet. 86 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
CADD Symbols Library • Symbols may be called up from the symbols library. 87 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
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