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Power. Point Presentation Publisher The Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Tinley Park, Illinois © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 1 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Chapter 6 CADD Commands and Functions 2 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Chapter 6 Overview • • • Introduction Drawing Commands Editing and Inquiry Commands Display Control Commands Dimensioning Commands Drawing Aids Colors and Linetypes Blocks and Attributes 3 D Drawing and Viewing Commands 3 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Learning Objectives • List several general categories of commands used in popular CADD programs. • Sketch an example of linear, angular, and leader dimensioning. • Explain drawing aids. • Discuss the purposes of colors, linetypes, and layers in typical CADD programs. (continued) 4 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Learning Objectives • Explain layer naming conventions as related to architectural drawings. • Describe 3 D drawing. • Explain rendering. • Explain animation. 5 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Introduction • CADD is a powerful tool, but you have to know how to use it. – Commands are the instructions you provide to the software to achieve the end result. – Several general groups of commands are common to most CADD software. 6 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Introduction • Command groups include: – Drawing commands. – Editing commands. – Display control commands. – Dimensioning commands. – Drawing aid commands. • Names may vary between software, but the functions are the same. 7 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Introduction • There may be more than one way to enter a command: – From a pull-down menu. – From toolbars that contain buttons. – Typing on the command line. – From a tablet menu. • The method of entry is unimportant with respect to the function of the command. 8 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drawing Commands • Drawing commands form the foundation of any CADD program. – These commands allow you to create objects on the screen. – The most basic drawing command is the LINE command. – Many CADD programs automate the creation of certain objects. 9 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drawing Commands • LINE command is the most frequently used command because it is the basic element in most drawings. Generally, you can enter coordinates or endpoints on the screen. 10 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drawing Commands • DOUBLE LINE command is useful in creating walls on floor plans or where parallel lines are required. Generally, you can set the distance between the double lines. 11 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drawing Commands • CIRCLE command automates the creation of a circle object. You can generally select from several common methods of defining a circle. 12 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drawing Commands • An arc is a portion of a circle. The ARC command automates the creation of an arc. 13 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drawing Commands • The RECTANGLE command automates the process of creating a square or rectangle. At least two methods are generally provided for constructing a rectangle. 14 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drawing Commands • The POLYGON command generates a regular polygon. This command can create an object with three or more sides. 15 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drawing Commands • The TEXT command adds text to a drawing. Most CADD packages provide several standard text fonts to choose from. 16 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drawing Commands • The HATCH command is used to hatch an area of a drawing. Hatching is used in section views and as exterior building materials and topographical features. 17 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Editing and Inquiry Commands • Editing commands allow you to modify drawings in several ways. • Inquiry commands list database records; calculate distances, areas, and perimeters; and convert points to absolute coordinates. • Editing and inquiry commands include: – ERASE, UNDO, MOVE, COPY, MIRROR, ROTATE, FILLET, CHAMFER, EXTEND, ARRAY, SCALE, LIST, DISTANCE, AREA. 18 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Editing Commands • The ERASE command removes selected objects from the drawing. • The UNDO command reverses the last command. • The MOVE command allows objects to be moved, but does not change orientation or size. 19 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Editing Commands • The COPY command is used to place copies of selected objects at specified locations. 20 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Editing Commands • The MIRROR command creates a mirror image of an object. 21 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Editing Commands • The ROTATE command is used to alter orientation of an object. 22 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Editing Commands • The SCALE command changes the size of objects. – Some CADD programs are parametric. • The FILLET command places fillets and rounds on the drawing. – A fillet is a smoothly fitted internal arc. – A round is an exterior arc. 23 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Editing Commands • The FILLET command creates fillets and rounds. 24 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Editing Commands • The CHAMFER command places a straight line between edges. • The EXTEND command is used to lengthen an object to a boundary edge. • The ARRAY command makes multiple copies of an object in a rectangular or circular pattern. 25 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Editing Commands • This illustration was developed using the ARRAY command. 26 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Inquiry Commands • The LIST and PROPERTIES commands show properties related to an object. • The DISTANCE command measures the length and angle between two points. • The AREA command calculates the area of an enclosed space. 27 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Inquiry Commands • The AREA command was used to calculate the area of this enclosed space. 28 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Display Control Commands • Display control commands are used to control how a drawing is shown on the screen. – They control the position and magnification of the screen window. – They save views for later use. – These commands are used to redraw or “clean up” the screen. 29 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Display Control Commands • Display control commands include: – ZOOM – PAN – VIEW – REDRAW – REGENERATE 30 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Display Control Commands • The ZOOM command increases or decreases the magnification factor, which changes the apparent size of objects on the screen. • The PAN command moves the drawing in the display window from one location to another; it does not change the magnification factor. 31 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Display Control Commands • This illustration demonstrates how the PAN command works. (Eric K. Augspurger; print courtesy of Soft. Plan Systems, Inc. ) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 32 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Display Control Commands • The VIEW command speeds the process of switching between views. • The REDRAW command “cleans up” the display by removing marker blips, etc. • The REGENERATE command recalculates objects in the drawing and redraws the screen. 33 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Dimensioning Commands • Drawings must show lengths, distances, and angles. • One of the advantages of using CADD is automated dimensioning. • Basic dimensioning commands include: – LINEAR – ANGULAR – DIAMETER –RADIUS –LEADER 34 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Dimensioning Commands • LINEAR: Measures a straight line distance. • ANGULAR: Measures the angle between two nonparallel lines. • DIAMETER: Measures the distance across a circle through its center. • RADIUS: Measures the distance from the center of an arc to a point on the arc. • LEADER: Provides for a specific note. 35 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Dimensioning Commands • Various dimensions appear on this drawing. 36 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drawing Aids • Drawing aids are designed to speed up the drawing process and maintain accuracy. – Grids range from display grids or viewport ruler to various forms of snap. – Drawing aids commands include GRID, SNAP, and ORTHO. 37 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drawing Aids • GRID. A display grid is a visual guideline in the viewport much like the lines on graph paper. Dots are also used to show the grid. 38 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drawing Aids • SNAP – Snap is a function that allows the cursor to “grab” certain locations on the screen. – Two types: grid snap and object snap. • ORTHO – Ensures that all lines drawn are orthogonal (vertical or horizontal) in the drawing plane. 39 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drawing Aids • LAYER – A layer is a virtual piece of paper on which objects are placed. – Objects on layers may or may not be visible. – Managing layers is a function of CADD. – Layers may or may not be plotted. – Layer naming/usage standards are useful. – Consistency is very important. 40 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Colors and Linetypes • Object display color is an important tool. – Color helps visually catalog objects in a drawing. – Adopt a standard for color usage. • The Alphabet of Lines – Always follow the Alphabet of Lines. – Linetypes are assigned to objects. – Linetypes may be assigned by layer. 41 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Blocks and Attributes • Blocks are special objects (symbols) inserted into the drawing. – Blocks save time by reducing work. – A symbols library is a collection of blocks. • An attribute is text information saved with a block when it is inserted into a drawing. – Attributes can be assigned when the block is created. 42 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Blocks and Attributes • This window block contains attributes, which have values assigned. 43 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Blocks and Attributes • This is the Auto. CAD command sequence for inserting the block shown in the previous slide and assigning attribute values. 44 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
3 D Drawing and Viewing Commands • Early CADD programs were 2 D only. • 3 D capabilities were added later. – Isometric and perspective drawings. – 3 D modeling capabilities. • 3 D modeling capabilities allow you to design, model, and analyze an object within the computer. 45 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Isometric Drawing • An isometric drawing is a traditional 2 D pictorial drawing. It shows a 3 D representation, but is really two dimensional. (Eric K. Augspurger) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 46 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
3 D Modeling • A type of 3 D drawing is called 3 D modeling. This is “true” 3 D where objects are created with a width, depth, and height. (Eric K. Augspurger) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 47 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
3 D Modeling • Two basic types: surface and solid. • Surface modeling draws a skin over a wireframe. – The skin has no thickness. – A wireframe represents edges on the models. • Solid modeling creates objects by generating a volume. – Can be analyzed for mass, volume, etc. 48 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
3 D Views • CADD software that is 3 D-capable typically has a HIDE command to remove lines that are not visible. • Most software provides for view rotation to see features better. 49 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Rendering Commands • Rendering is the ability to shade or color the model. – Rendering has traditionally been done by hand. – The MATERIAL command is used to apply surface textures to 3 D objects. – The RENDER command is used to “color” the object. 50 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Rendered 3 D Drawing • This is a very realistic rendering with proper lighting and materials. (Helmuth A. Geiser, Member AIBD) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 51 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Animation Commands • Animation adds movement to a drawing. – Specialized software is usually required. – Animation uses a series of still images to simulate movement. – The ANIMATE command is used to add movement. 52 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Animation Commands • This window has been animated to show it opening and closing. (Eric K. Augspurger) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 53 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
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