Power Point Presentation Publisher The GoodheartWillcox Co Inc
Power. Point Presentation Publisher The Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Tinley Park, Illinois © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 1 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Chapter 24 Residential Plumbing 2 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Chapter 24 Overview • • Introduction Water Supply System In-House Water Treatment Devices Water and Waste Removal Plumbing Fixtures Water Conservation Private Sewage Disposal System 3 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Learning Objectives • Discuss the purpose of a residential plumbing system. • Identify the elements contained in a residential water supply system. • Identify the elements of a residential water and waste removal system. 4 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Learning Objectives • Explain the operation of various inhouse water treatment systems. • Explain the layout of a private sewage disposal system. 5 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Introduction • The residential plumbing system is often taken for granted, but it is an important part of the house. • Provides an adequate supply of water and removes waste. • There are three principal parts: – Water supply system. – Water and waste removal system. – Plumbing fixtures. 6 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Supply System • The water supply system begins at the city water main or private water source. • The supply pipe that enters the house is known as the building main. • Water treatment devices may be necessary in the building main. • Building main branches after treatment into the cold and hot water mains. 7 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Supply System • Schematic of a residential water supply system that shows the various components. 8 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Supply System • The cold water main provides unheated water to the cold water branch lines. • Cold water branch lines are connected to each fixture. • Branch lines are smaller than mains. 9 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Supply System • The water heater is located in the hot water main. • The hot water main supplies heated water to the hot water branch lines. • The hot water branch lines are connected to each fixture that requires hot water. 10 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Supply System • The hot water main connects to the top of this electric water heater. (continued) (Marathon Water Heater Company) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 11 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Supply System • Factors affecting the location of pipes: – Freezing in cold climates. – Pipe size: When a large pipe, such as a drain, must pass through a joist, the joist should be blocked to prevent severe weakening of the member. 12 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Supply System • Blocking a joist to prevent severe weakening of the member. (continued) 13 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Supply System • Pipes used in the water supply system: – Threaded galvanized steel pipe. – Plastic pipe with cemented joints. – Copper tubing with soldered joints. – Pipes underground or in concrete must be special heavy-duty copper tubing with flaretype joints. • Some codes permit plastic pipe for cold water or drain lines. 14 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Supply System • Galvanized steel, copper, and plastic pipe and fittings are used in residential plumbing systems. 15 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Supply System • This plumbing installation utilizes copper pipe and fittings for the water supply system and plastic pipe for the drain system. 16 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Supply System • Copper tubing is widely used for water supply systems. • Rigid copper tubing (type L) and copper fittings are typical for all interior work. • Copper pipe in 1/2", 3/4", 1" and larger are available. • Mains are at least 3/4" and branch lines are at least 1/2" in diameter. 17 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Supply System • Each main line, branch line, and fixture must have a shutoff valve. • Efficiency may be improved if hot water lines are insulated. • Cold water lines may be insulated to prevent excess condensation. • Air compression chambers reduce pipe noise during use. 18 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Supply System • A typical air chamber used at each faucet to reduce noise by cushioning the water flow. 19 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Supply System • An electric on-demand water heater located under the sink provides instant hot water. (A. O. Smith Water Products Company) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 20 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Treatment Devices • Water treatment devices can improve water quality by removing odors, minerals, or other undesirable traits. • There are four main types of in-house water treatment devices: – Reverse osmosis. – Distillation. – Water softeners. – Activated carbon. 21 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Treatment Devices • In a reverse osmosis system, water is forced through a semipermeable membrane. – Purified water is collected in a small storage tank. – Can remove 90% to 99% of impurities. – Not effective for high levels of minerals. – Wastes 3 gallons of water for each one gallon produced. 22 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Treatment Devices • A distillation system heats water to make steam, which is then condensed to produce distilled water. – Removes most dissolved solids, such as salts and heavy metals. – Not effective against volatile organic compounds. – The process is very slow. 23 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Treatment Devices • A water softener forces hard water through a canister filled with a synthetic resin to exchange ions. – Ion exchange dissolves mineral ions and replaces them with soft ions in the resin. – Sodium-based water softeners add a small amount of sodium to the water. 24 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Treatment Devices • In an activated carbon system, water is forced through a canister filled with activated carbon granules. – Granules trap contaminants that can produce bad odors and taste. – Some systems can remove lead. – Can produce 1/3 to 3 gallons of treated water per minute. 25 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water and Waste Removal • Used water and other wastes are carried to the sanitary sewer or septic tank through the waste removal system. • These pipes are isolated from the water supply system. • Pipes are larger than supply pipes, sloped, vented, and have provisions for cleanout. 26 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water and Waste Removal • Schematic of a residential water and waste removal system. 27 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water and Waste Removal • The drainage system is not under pressure and depends on gravity to carry the waste to the sewer. • Drain pipes are usually 4" in diameter, smooth inside, and have few sharp turns. • Cast iron pipes are used extensively, but copper and brass alloy, fiber, and plastic pipes are used as well. 28 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water and Waste Removal • A vertical drain pipe that collects waste from one or more fixtures is called a soil stack. • Soil stacks that drain water closets are called main stacks. – Every house must have at least one main stack, which is generally 3" in diameter. – Each bathroom must have a main stack. • Stacks that do not drain water closets are called secondary stacks. – Secondary stacks are 1 -1/2" diameter. 29 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water and Waste Removal • Fixtures are connected to the stack using a branch main. • All stacks extend into basement or crawl space and empty into the house drain. – All houses must have at least one house drain, but may have several. • The house drain becomes the house sewer once it is outside the house. – The house sewer empties into the city sanitary sewer or private septic system. 30 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water and Waste Removal • Gases from the system dissipate through the vent stack— 12" above roof. – The vent stack provides an air inlet for the drainage system to operate properly • A trap is installed below each fixture to prevent gases from entering the house – The trap is always filled with water – Water closets have a built-in trap • Each stack requires a cleanout at the base. 31 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water and Waste Removal • A water trap blocks the escape of gases from the drain system. 32 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water and Waste Removal • The National Plumbing Code requires cleanouts at the base of all stacks and where plumbing makes a sharp bend. 33 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water and Waste Removal • A stack wall contains the soil and vent stacks. – A 4" cast iron pipe will not fit inside a standard 2" x 4" stud wall. – The stack wall is a 2" x 6" stud wall. 34 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water and Waste Removal • Sump pumps are required in basements to remove groundwater and discharge it into the house drain, storm drain, or outside. 35 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Plumbing Fixtures • The third part of the residential plumbing system is the fixtures. • A plumbing fixture is any device, such as a bathtub, that requires water. • Fixtures are expensive, so choose them wisely. • The National Code specifies minimum clearance around certain fixtures. 36 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Plumbing Fixtures • Fixtures such as these bathroom fixtures are the most obvious part of the plumbing system because they are visible. (Photo Courtesy of Kohler Co. ) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 37 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Plumbing Fixtures • Roughing-in specifications for a typical residential bathroom fixture are usually supplied by the manufacturer. (Courtesy of Kohler Co. ) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 38 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Conservation • Old-style water closets are gravity powered and use 5 to 6 gallons per flush. • Water closets today have a pressurized tank and use 1. 6 gallons per flush. • Flow rate for showerheads, kitchen faucets, and lavatory faucets is 2. 5 gallons per minute at 80 psi pressure. 39 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Water Conservation • This water closet (right) uses a maximum of 1. 6 gpf with option of a light flush of 1. 1 gpf. (Photo Courtesy of Kohler Co. ) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 40 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Private Sewage Disposal System • Private sewage disposal systems are called septic systems. • Septic systems are used where public sewers are not available. • A septic system has two components: – Septic tank. – Disposal field. • Proper disposal of sewage is important. 41 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Private Sewage Disposal System • A permit from the health department is required to install a septic system. • A minimum distance from a well is required. • The site must have adequate area and the proper soil. • The minimum lot size is usually one acre. 42 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Private Sewage Disposal System • Recommended minimum dimensions for placement of a private septic system and water well with respect to the house and property lines. 43 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Private Sewage Disposal System • In a septic system, sewage from the house sewer enters the septic tank. • The septic tank performs two functions: – Removes about 75% of the solids. – Provides storage space for settled solids. • The septic tank should be watertight. • Tank liquid capacity should be 1 -1/2 times the sewage flow over a 24 hour period and no less than 750 gallons. 44 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Private Sewage Disposal System • Construction of a typical cast concrete septic tank. 45 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Private Sewage Disposal System • The disposal field receives liquid sewage from the septic tank and allows it to seep into the soil. – Also called the drain field or leach field. – Porous soil is ideal for a disposal field. – Drain lines in the disposal field are nearly level and about 2' below the surface of the ground or below the frost line. – If the field becomes flooded, it will cease to function so water should be diverted away. 46 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Private Sewage Disposal System • Plan view drawing of a septic tank and disposal field. 47 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Private Sewage Disposal System • A disposal field may be constructed using perforated tile in individual trenches or in a continuous bed. 48 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Private Sewage Disposal System • The suitability of the soil for a disposal field must be determined by soil tests. – These tests are known as percolation tests. – They determine how readily the soil absorbs water. See Figure 24 -18 in the text. – The rate is determined by filling a test hole with water. 49 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Private Sewage Disposal System • Field Size Calculation – For a three bedroom home with a percolation rate of 25 minutes per inch. – 3 x 375 square feet (from Figure 24 -18) equals 1125 square feet. – 2 -1/2 x 1125 square feet equals 2, 812 square feet for the disposal field. – This includes space for future expansion and replacement. 50 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
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