Power Point Presentation Publisher The GoodheartWillcox Co Inc
Power. Point Presentation Publisher The Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Tinley Park, Illinois © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 1 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Chapter 14 Wall and Ceiling Construction 2 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Chapter 14 Overview • • Introduction Frame Wall Construction Steel Framing General Framing Considerations Masonry Wall Construction Brick Names and Sizes Traditional Three-Coat Stucco 3 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Learning Objectives • List the members of a typical frame wall. • Explain methods of frame wall construction. • Explain information shown on a ceiling joist span data chart. • Sketch the various types of exterior walls used in residential construction. 4 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Learning Objectives • Explain the applications, advantages, and disadvantages of steel framing in residential construction. • Identify the basic processes used to produce a quality, three-coat stucco finish. 5 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Introduction • Residential wall construction is generally one of three types: – Frame construction. – Masonry construction. – Combination frame and masonry. • Wall panels may be constructed on site or prefabricated at another location. 6 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Frame Wall Construction • Frame wall construction involves the proper arrangement of wall framing members. • Typical framing members include: – Sole plate, top plates, studs, and bracing. – Plates and studs are usually 2" x 4" lumber. – Headers or lintels are typically larger stock. – Bracing may be 1" x 4" stock, metal strap, or plywood sheathing. 7 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Frame Wall Construction • Computer-generated framing representation. (ART, Inc. ) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 8 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Frame Wall Construction • Typical framed corner. 9 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Frame Wall Construction • Framing lumber must: – Have good stiffness and nail-holding properties. – Be free from warp and easy to work. • Species that meet these criteria include: – Douglas fir, southern yellow pine, hemlock, spruce, and larch. • Lumber grade commonly used is No. 2. • Moisture content should be 15% to 19%. 10 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Frame Wall Construction • A wall is usually constructed on the subfloor since it provides a large, flat work surface. • An entire wall panel may be built as a unit or may be built in sections. • Exterior frame walls may be flush with the outside of the foundation wall or moved 1/2" to 3/4" inside for sheathing. 11 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Exterior Wall Placement 12 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Specialized CADD Software • Specialized CADD software is available to aid in the design of frame walls. • Automatic framing plans and material lists are possible with some software packages. • However, a thorough understanding of frame wall construction is necessary. 13 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Bottom Plates • Construction of a frame wall begins with the sole plate. – Stud spacing is marked off on the sole plate. – Sole plate acts as an anchor for the wall panels. 14 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Wall Studs • Wall studs are cut to length and nailed to the sole plate. • Usual length of the studs is 7'-0". • A plate is nailed to the top of the studs. • A second plate is added after the wall is in place. • Distance from the top of the subfloor to the bottom of the ceiling joists is usually 8'-1 1/2", providing an 8' wall height. 15 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Headers Over Openings • Openings for doors and windows are framed as the studs are put into place. • Each wall opening requires a header to support the weight above the opening in a frame wall. • Headers are made with solid blocking or cripple construction. 16 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Solid Blocking • In solid blocking, the header size is increased to completely fill the space from the top of the rough opening to the top plate. 17 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Solid Blocking Headers • Solid blocking headers are made from two 2" x 12" pieces of dimensional lumber with 1/2" plywood between them to form a 3 -1/2" thick header. • Trimmers are placed inside the opening to support the header. • Construction time is reduced, but shrinkage is increased. 18 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Cripple Construction for Headers • Headers with cripple construction uses cripple studs to fill the space between the header and top plate. • Cripple studs are short studs. • Trimmers are placed inside the opening to support the header. 19 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Cripple Construction for Headers 20 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Headers • Header size will vary with the span and load requirements. • The length of a header is equal to the width of the rough opening plus the thickness of two trimmers. • Trussed headers are required for openings wider than 8'-0" or where heavy loads are expected. 21 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Headers • The rough opening for a window is the area between the trimmers and the rough sill and header. ` 22 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Header Sizes and Spans 23 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Trussed Headers • Trussed headers increase the supporting strength and possible span. 24 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Rough Openings in Frame Walls • Rough openings for windows and doors are dimensioned to the center of the opening in a frame wall. • Specific dimensions are provided by the window and door schedule. • Width is listed first and the height second. • Rough opening height is usually 6'-10". 25 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Exterior Corners and Bracing • There are several methods of framing exterior corner walls • The corner must provide a nailing edge for interior wall material • The corner must provide adequate support for the structure 26 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. (continued) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Exterior Corners and Bracing • Corner framing. 27 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Exterior Corners and Bracing • Corner bracing is required by most codes. • Two methods of bracing are commonly used: – Diagonal corner bracing using 1" x 4" lumber or metal straps. – Corner bracing using a sheet of 1/2" plywood or similar panel. 28 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Exterior Corners and Bracing • Corner bracing. 29 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Interior Framed Walls • Interior framed walls are constructed in the same way as exterior walls. – They have sole plates, studs, and double top plates. – Interior walls are securely fastened to the walls they intersect. – A nailing edge must be provided for drywall, paneling, etc. 30 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Interior Framed Walls • Framing intersecting walls. 31 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Steel Framing • Steel framing is gaining in popularity for several reasons. – Quality wood is scarce and expensive. – Steel framing has performed well in commercial construction. – Steel framing is made from a recyclable material. – Price of steel has been relatively stable. 32 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Steel Framing • Steel framing is used on this large structure. 33 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Steel Framing • Advantages for the builder include: – Generally fewer framing members required. – Steel will not rot, shrink, swell, split, or burn. – Steel is consistent in quality and pricing. – Standard precut shapes are available. – Lengths up to 40' are possible. – Steel members weigh less than wood. – Framing members have prepunched holes for piping and electrical wiring. – Accommodates typical finishing materials. 34 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Steel Framing • Advantages for the homeowner include: – Does not require treatment for termites. – Free of chemicals needed to treat wood. – Provides increased design flexibility. – Resists fire, earthquake, and hurricanes. – Lower insurance premium. – Remodeling is easier because nonbearing walls can be easily removed, altered, and relocated. 35 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Steel Framing • Environmental benefits include: – All steel products are recyclable without degradation or loss of properties. – The steel industry is the single largest recycler in North America. – Steel is the easiest and most economical material to remove from the solid waste stream. – The amount of energy required to produce a ton of steel is continually being reduced. 36 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Steel Framing • Disadvantages include: – Lack of familiarity with the product. – Education about steel framing systems’ methods and capabilities is needed. – Engineering analysis is required. – Thermal performance of steel frame structures remains unanswered. – Steel framing members are flimsy and hard to work with and eye protection is absolutely required. 37 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Steel Framing Components • The structural C or C-section is the most used shape for framing. • Standard dimensions are nearly identical to those of dimensional lumber. • Flange widths are generally 1 -1/2" and webs range from 2" to 12". • Thickness ranges from 12 to 22 gauge. • Load-bearing applications use 16 to 20 gauge steel C-sections. 38 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Steel Framing Components • Light gauge steel framing. 39 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Steel Framing Components • The C-section is available unpunched or prepunched in lengths from 8' to 16'. • Track or channel members are used for rim joists, top and bottom plates, and blocking. • Track is available in lengths up to 10'. • Hot-rolled channel is used for furring. • All members are fastened with screws. 40 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Steel Framing Application • Base of wall at slab on grade. 41 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Steel Wall and Roof Systems • Construction elements of a framed house include three main assemblies: – Floors, walls, and roofs. • Two types of steel studs are used for walls: – Structural C for load-bearing walls. – Drywall studs for nonbearing partitions. 42 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Steel Wall and Roof Systems • C studs range in size from 2 -1/2" to 8" and thickness from. 034" to. 071". • Drywall studs range from 1 -5/8" to 6" and thickness from. 018" to. 034". • The broad range of steel framing members available allows this system to be used in virtually any roof system. 43 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Steel Wall and Roof Systems • Steel framed roof section. 44 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Ceiling Construction • Ceiling joists may be put in place after exterior and interior walls are finished. • Joists are generally positioned in the same direction as the rafters. • Ceiling joist size will depend on load, span, wood species, joist spacing, etc. • Check your local code. 45 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Ceiling Construction • See Figure 14 -16 in the text for more span data. 46 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Ceiling Construction • Basic construction of the ceiling is similar to floor construction, except: – A header is not required around the perimeter. – Smaller size lumber is used. • Long spans may require support from a bearing wall partition or beam. 47 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Ceiling Construction • Two methods of supporting ceiling joists with a built-up beam. 48 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Ceiling Construction • The upper corner of a ceiling joist often interferes with the roof slope. • The corner is usually cut to match the slope. 49 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
General Framing Considerations • An access hole must be provided in the ceiling to allow entry into the attic. • Framing around ceiling openings is the same as for openings in the floor. • Double headers are used for large holes. • Special framing is required for openings for heating ducts, wall backing for various fixtures, and extra support for the bathtub. 50 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Special Framing Details 51 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Special Framing Details • The framing for a bay window presents special problems. 52 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Masonry Wall Construction • A masonry wall may be solid or cavitytype wall. • Masonry walls may be brick, concrete block, stone, clay tile, terra cotta, or combination of these materials. • Masonry walls for residential construction are usually 8" thick. • Concrete block walls are also called cavity walls. 53 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Masonry Wall Construction • A solid masonry wall using a header course to bond the two thicknesses together. 54 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Masonry Wall Construction • A cavity wall that uses corrugated metal wall ties to bond the two thicknesses together. • Wall tie spacing should be 16" vertically and 32" horizontally. 55 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Masonry Wall Construction • Furring strips are required on the inside of the wall for drywall, plaster, or paneling. • Furring strips are usually 2" x 2" or 1" x 3" lumber. 56 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Firecuts • A firecut is used when floor joists are placed directly into solid masonry walls. • Each joist end is cut at an angle to prevent wall damage in case of fire. 57 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Flashing and Termite Shields • Flashing and termite shields should be used at the base of solid masonry or brick veneer walls. • Flashing prevents moisture from entering the structure. 58 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Attaching Top Plates • The top plate for the roof must be anchored securely to the solid masonry wall. • Anchor bolts are used to secure the plate. 59 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Stonework • Stonework is often used to provide a decorative look. • Stonework is commonly classified as ashlar or rubble. – Ashlar stonework uses dressed, cut, or squared stones. – Rubble stonework is made from undressed stones of irregular shapes. 60 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Stonework • In ashlar stonework, each stone is generally rectangular in shape, a specific size, and fits in an exact place in the pattern. 61 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Stonework • If the stones are generally flat and rectangular, the result may resemble courses (rows) of stone • This is called coursed rubble. 62 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Stonework • When rubble stonework has a random pattern, it is called random rubble stonework. 63 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Stonework • Uncoursed cobweb or polygonal rubble stonework consists of stones that are dressed with relatively straight edges to fit a particular place in the pattern. 64 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Masonry Veneer • Masonry veneer has just about replaced solid brick and stone walls. • Brick or stone veneer provides the same visual effect as solid brick or stone walls. • Brick or stone veneer is considered to be a facing material and does not support the weight of the building. • A masonry veneer wall will be better insulated and less expensive than a solid masonry wall. 65 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Masonry Veneer Walls • A brick veneer wall is typically insulated on the frame wall side. (Certain. Teed Corporation) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 66 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Masonry Veneer Wall • Veneer is usually 4" or 6" thick and placed 1" away from the frame wall to provide a dead air space for insulation. 67 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Brick Names and Sizes • There are two basic types of brick used for wall construction. – Face brick. – Common brick. • Face brick is generally used as a facing material, as it is very uniform in shape. • Common brick is generally used as a backing material, but produces a pleasing rustic appearance when used as a facing material. 68 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Brick Names and Sizes • The names of brick shapes are standardized, but brick sizes are not as well established. 69 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Brick Positions • Specific terms are used to describe the position or way in which a brick is laid. 70 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Types of Mortar Joints 71 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Popular Brick Bonds 72 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Three-Coat Stucco • Stucco refers to exterior applications of wall coating. • There are three stucco systems in general use today. – Traditional three-coat stucco. – Synthetic stucco (one-coat). – Exterior insulation finish system (EIFS). • Each system produces acceptable results. 73 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Three-Coat Stucco • The traditional three-coat stucco system has been in use for many years. • Applications are possible in all sections of the US. • Stucco consists of Portland cement, lime, sand, and water. • The material is applied in three coats. 74 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Three-Coat Stucco • This house has a traditional three-coat stucco finish. 75 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Traditional Three-Coat Stucco • Stucco produces a protective shell around the structure. • Stucco may be repaired, if necessary. • The effective life of stucco is 100 years or more, if the structure remains sound. • Problems with stucco applications are generally the result of poor workmanship or improper installation. 76 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Preparing for Stucco • Proper preparation is very important. • A rigid structure is essential. • Three-coat stucco can be applied to most any type of wall system: – Concrete blocks. – Poured concrete. – Brick. – Metal. – Wood frame. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. 77 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Preparing for Stucco • This frame construction is ready to receive a moisture-resistant barrier prior to stucco. 78 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Preparing for Stucco • Stucco being applied directly to concrete block walls. 79 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Preparing for Stucco • Stucco is not structural and adds no strength to the building structure. • It is a protective shell around the structure. • Stucco cannot resist severe stresses resulting from structural movement. • Cracks in masonry walls will “telescope” through the stucco. • Thin spots in the stucco will crack. 80 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Preparing for Stucco • Movement in plywood that is not properly spaced and nailed will cause stucco to crack. • Mixing engineered lumber and standard lumber may result in cracking the stucco shell. 81 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Moisture Barrier and Flashing • Moisture must be prevented from entering behind the stucco shell. • High concentrations of moisture will have a devastating effect on framing members and sheathing. • Moisture barriers and flashing are used to prevent moisture from entering the space behind the stucco. 82 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Moisture Barrier and Flashing • The weather-resistant barrier can be seen under the lath. • Special attention should be given to joints, openings, and penetrations in the wall. 83 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Moisture Barrier and Flashing • Moisture barriers are a very important part of the total wall system. • Grade D (10 minute) paper is the minimum for the exterior membrane. • Kraft paper is used as flashing around wall openings and wall penetrations. • Caulk may be used to repair holes or tears in the paper and to seal flashing. 84 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Lath (Reinforcement) • Lath is used to attach the stucco shell to the structure. • Lath is available as self-furring wire lath or rib lath. • A moisture-proof membrane is usually attached to the lath at the factory. • Furring nails or staples are used to attach lath to the sheathing. • Lath orientation is important. 85 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Lath (Reinforcement) • The scratch coat is being applied with a trowel to cover the lath. 86 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Scratch or Foundation Coat • The first stucco layer in the three-coat process, called the scratch coat, embeds the reinforcement in stucco. • It can be applied by hand with a trowel or pump. • The scratch coat is generally 3/8" thick. • When the scratch coat has begun to set, the surface should be roughened. 87 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Brown Coat • The second coat, called the brown coat, is applied over the scratch coat. • The function of the brown coat is to cover any visible lath, add strength, true the surface, and prepare for the final finish. • The brown coat is leveled with a straight edge to a thickness of 3/8". 88 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Finish Coat • The final coat, called the finish coat, provides the texture or design to the surface. • It is about 1/8" thick. • The finish coat may be applied by hand or machine. • Color may be added to this finish or the stucco can be painted later. • Stucco should cure for 28 days before painting. 89 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Finish Coat • The finish has been applied to this structure. 90 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Finish Coat • This stucco surface has received a primer and finish coat of paint. 91 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Finish Coat • This close-up shows the detailed texture of the finish coat in a stucco surface. 92 © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
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