Power Point Lecture Slides Prepared by Patty BostwickTaylor

The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy • Study of the structure and shape of the

Anatomy—Levels of Study • Gross anatomy • Large structures • Easily observable © 2012

Mouth (oral cavity) Tongue Parotid gland Sublingual gland Submandibular gland Salivary glands Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Pancreas (Spleen) Liver Gallbladder Small intestine Anus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Duodenum Jejunum lleum Transverse colon Descending colon Ascending colon Cecum Sigmoid colon Rectum Appendix Anal canal Large intestine Figure 14. 1

Anatomy—Levels of Study • Microscopic anatomy • Structures cannot be seen with the naked

Gastric pits Gastric pit Pyloric sphincter Surface epithelium Mucous neck cells Gastric gland Parietal

Pepsinogen HCl Pepsin Parietal cells Chief cells Enteroendocrine cell © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Molecules Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessels Heart Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood vessel (organ) Cardio– vascular system 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. 6 Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems. Figure 1. 1

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Organ System Overview • Integumentary • Forms the external body covering • Protects deeper tissue from injury • Helps regulate body temperature • Location of cutaneous nerve receptors © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Skin (a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc. ) receptors and sweat and oil glands. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1. 2 a

Organ System Overview • Skeletal • Protects and supports body organs • Provides muscle

Cartilages Joint Bones (b) Skeletal System © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals. Figure 1. 2 b

Organ System Overview • Muscular • Produces movement • Maintains posture • Produces heat

Skeletal muscles (c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression;

Organ System Overview • Nervous • Fast-acting control system • Responds to internal and

Brain Sensory receptor Spinal cord Nerves (d) Nervous System Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1. 2 d

Organ System Overview • Endocrine • Secretes regulatory hormones • Growth • Reproduction •

Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland (parathyroid glands on posterior aspect) Thymus gland Adrenal glands Pancreas Testis (male) Ovary (female) (e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1. 2 e

Organ System Overview • Cardiovascular • Transports materials in body via blood pumped by

Heart Blood vessels (f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. ; the heart pumps blood. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1. 2 f

Organ System Overview • Lymphatic • Returns fluids to blood vessels • Cleanses the

Thoracic duct Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels (g) Lymphatic System Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1. 2 g

Organ System Overview • Respiratory • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon

Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Left lung (h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1. 2 h

Organ System Overview • Digestive • Breaks down food • Allows for nutrient absorption

Oral cavity Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus (i) Digestive System Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1. 2 i

Organ System Overview • Urinary • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes • Maintains acid-base balance •

Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra (j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1. 2 j

Organ System Overview • Reproductive • Produces offspring • Testes produce sperm and male

Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Mammary glands (in breasts) Uterine tube Ovary Uterus Penis Vas deferens Vagina Testis Scrotum (k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System Overall function of the reproductive system is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1. 2 k–l

Necessary Life Functions • Maintain boundaries • Movement • Locomotion • Movement of substances • Responsiveness • Ability to sense changes and react • Digestion • Breakdown and absorption of nutrients © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Necessary Life Functions • Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body • Break down complex molecules into smaller ones • Build larger molecules from smaller ones • Produces energy • Regulated by hormones • Excretion • Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions • Wastes may be removed in urine or feces © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Necessary Life Functions • Reproduction • Occurs on cellular level or organismal level •

Survival Needs • Nutrients • Chemicals for energy and cell building • Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals • Oxygen • Required for chemical reactions © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Survival Needs • Water • 60 to 80 percent of body weight • Most abundant chemical in the human body • Provides for metabolic reaction • Stable body temperature • 37°C (98°F) • Atmospheric pressure • Must be appropriate for gas exchange © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Food O 2 Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Blood Heart Nutrients CO 2 Urinary system Eliminates nitrogencontaining wastes and excess ions Interstitial fluid Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Feces © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment Urine Figure 1. 3

Homeostasis • Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment • A dynamic state of equilibrium • Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life • Homeostatic imbalance • A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

3 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Receptor detects change. 2 1 Stimulus produces change in variable. Receptor 4 Output: Information Control Center Afferent pathway sent along efferent pathway to effector. Efferent pathway Effector 5 Response IMB ALA NC of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. E VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMB ALA © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. NC E Figure 1. 4

1 Stimulus produces change in variable. IMB ALA NC E VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMB

Receptor detects change. 2 1 Stimulus produces change in variable. Receptor IMB ALA NC

3 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Receptor detects change. 2 1 Stimulus produces change in variable. Receptor IMB ALA NC Control Center Afferent pathway E VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMB ALA © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. NC E Figure 1. 4, step 3

3 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Receptor detects change. 2 1 Stimulus produces change in variable. Receptor IMB ALA NC 4 Output: Information Control Center Afferent pathway sent along efferent pathway to effector. Efferent pathway Effector E VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMB ALA © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. NC E Figure 1. 4, step 4

3 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Receptor detects change. 2 1 Stimulus produces change in variable. Receptor 4 Output: Information Control Center Afferent pathway sent along efferent pathway to effector. Efferent pathway Effector 5 Response IMB ALA NC of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. E VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMB ALA © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. NC E Figure 1. 4, step 5

Maintaining Homeostasis • The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems • Receptor • Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) • Sends information to control center © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Maintaining Homeostasis • Control center • Determines set point • Analyzes information • Determines appropriate response • Effector • Provides a means for response to the stimulus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Feedback Mechanisms • Negative feedback • Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms • Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity • Works like a household thermostat © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Feedback Mechanisms • Positive feedback • Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther • In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Language of Anatomy • Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding • Exact

Regional Terms • Anterior body landmarks © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Buccal Oral Mental Cervical Thoracic Sternal Axillary Upper limb Acromial Deltoid Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Manus (hand) Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Pubic (genital) Crural (leg) KEY: Fibular Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Digital (a) Anterior/Ventral Figure 1. 5 a

Regional Terms • Posterior body landmarks © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cephalic Occipital (back of head) Upper limb Acromial Cervical Brachial (arm) Olecranal Back (dorsal) Scapular Antebrachial (forearm) Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Manus (hand) Digital Gluteal Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular KEY: Thorax Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Abdomen Back (Dorsum) Plantar © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. (b) Posterior/Dorsal Figure 1. 5 b

Directional Terms • Superior (cranial or cephalad): toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above • Inferior (caudal): away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Directional Terms • Ventral (anterior): toward or at the front of the body; in

Directional Terms • Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of • Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of • Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Directional Terms • Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk • Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Directional Terms • Superficial: toward or at the body surface • Deep: away from

Body Planes and Sections • A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts. • A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts. • A frontal, or coronal, section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts. • A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

(a) Median (midsagittal) Vertebral column Rectum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Intestines (b) Frontal (coronal) plane Right lung Heart Liver Left lung Stomach Spleen (c) Transverse plane Liver Aorta Spinal cord Spleen Subcutaneous Stomach fat layer Figure 1. 6

Body Cavities • Dorsal body cavity • Cranial cavity houses the brain • Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord • Ventral body cavity • Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and others • Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity Spinal cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Diaphragm KEY:

Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower

Diaphragm Stomach Liver Right Left hypo. Epigastric chondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac (inguinal) (pubic) (inguinal) region Gallbladder Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Cecum Appendix (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Transverse colon of large intestine Descending colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs Figure 1. 9 a-b