Power Point Lecture Slides Prepared by Patty BostwickTaylor
Power. Point® Lecture Slides Prepared by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College CHAPTER 13 -B (20 slides) The Respiratory System © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ch 13 -B continued IV Specifics of Respiratory Functioning– The 4 Events Of Respiration A. Pulmonary Ventilation B. External Respiration C. Respiratory Gas Transport D. Internal Respiration V. Control of Respiration A. Neural Factors B. Chemical Factors VI Respiratory Disorders © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
B. External Respiration– gas exchange between (a) External respiration in the lungs the Alveoli & Blood *Gases move by diffusion = 1. Blood just arriving at lung from Pulmonary Artery: • *Oxygen, O 2: high or low? • *Carbon dioxide, CO 2: high or low? Opposite of oxygen = 2. Blood leaving the lungs via the Pulmonary veins: • *O 2: high or low? • *CO 2: high or low? Opposite to oxygen = © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. (pulmonary gas exchange) Oxygen is loaded into the blood and carbon dioxide is unloaded. Alveoli (air sacs) High O 2 Loading of O 2 Low CO 2 Unloading of CO 2 High CO 2 Plasma Red blood cell Pulmonary capillary
C. Gas Transport in the Blood 1. Oxygen transport: After the initial diffusion into blood, how is the O 2 carried in the blood • *Most is in RBC on what protein? • Much more O 2 carried than need at rest = a Reserve • A small amount is: dissolved in the plasma 2. Carbon Dioxide transport in blood: after diffusing from the body cells into the blood • Most is in: Bicarbonate do to the reaction with H 2 O 1 st reaction CO 2 + H 2 O 2 nd reaction H 2 CO 3 Carbonic Acid H+ + HCO 3 Bicarbonate - requires an enzyme that is found within RBCs • A small amount is dissolved in the plasma © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
D. Internal Respiration = the exchange of gases between the Body Cells and the Blood REVIEW OF HOW BODY CELLS MAKE ATP Mitochondria: Glucose + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP *Body Cells use up what gas? ____, so blood leaving body cells is low in the same gas. *Body Cells give off what gas? _______, and that same gas then enters the blood, so blood leaving the body cells is high in that gas. 1. Oxygen: (Blood or Body Cells) • *Oxygen diffuses from ________ to (Blood or Body Cells) __________ • O 2 from Hemoglobin to plasma interstitial fluid Inc. Body Cells © 2012 Pearson Education,
2. Carbon dioxide: diffuses (Blood or Body Cells) (b) Internal respiration in the body tissues (systemic capillary gas exchange) from the ______ Oxygen is unloaded and carbon dioxide is loaded into the blood. (Blood or Body Cells) to the ________ Tissue cells High CO 2 Loading of CO 2 Low O 2 Unloading of O 2 Low CO 2 Plasma High O 2 Systemic capillary Red blood cell © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
V. CONTROL OF RESPIRATION A. Neural Regulation • Hypothalamus: receives sensory information from the body, particularly the blood, about whether breathing needs to be altered and then relay instructions to the Medulla and Pons to make the changes • Medulla—sets rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker area to control rate/rhythm • Pons—smooths out respiratory rate • Normal respiratory rate • 12 to 15 respirations per minute © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
B. Chemical Factors (Non-Neural) Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth • Hypothalamus receives input on 1. CO 2 levels in blood affect Blood p. H • If there is too much CO 2 in the blood, it reacts with the water of the plasma and creates more carbonic acid which acidifies the blood Acidosis Response: increases rate & depth of breathing • If there is too little CO 2 in the blood, the ph becomes more basic (alkaline) Alkalosis Response: decrease rate and depth of breathing 2. O 2 levels in the blood have a much lesser affect on the Hypothalamus because there is a large reserve of O 2 on the hemoglobin of Red Blood Cells. The p. H change due to CO 2 concentration changes has a greater negative affect on the body and so CO 2 is the most important factor © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Brain Breathing control centers Pons centers Medulla centers Afferent Impulses to medulla Efferent nerve impulses from medulla trigger contraction of inspiratory muscles Phrenic Breathing control centers nerves stimulated by: CO 2 increase in blood (acts directly on medulla centers by causing a drop in p. H of CSF) CSF in brain sinus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Nerve impulse from O 2 sensor indicating O 2 decrease Intercostal nerves Intercostal muscles O 2 sensor in aortic body of aortic arch Diaphragm Figure 13. 12
VI. Respiratory Disorders: STUDENTS DO • *Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) • *Emphysema • *Lung Cancer Affects of TOBACCO • END © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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