Power Point Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking
Power. Point® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College CHAPTER 10 The Muscular System: Part A Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
WARM UP QUESTION Muscle tone is ____. A. the ability of a muscle to efficiently cause skeletal movements B. the feeling of well-being following exercise C. a state of sustained partial contraction D. the condition of athletes after intensive training Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
WARM UP QUESTION Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ____. A. secretion B. contractility C. extensibility D. excitability Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
WARM UP QUESTION After nervous stimulation stops, ACh in the synaptic cleft is prevented from continuing stimulation of contraction by ____. A. calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae B. the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved C. acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh D. the action potential stopped going down the overloaded T tubules Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
WARM UP QUESTION The functional role of the T tubules is to ____. A. stabilize the G and F actin B. enhance cellular communication during contraction C. hold cross bridges in place in a resting muscle D. synthesize ATP to provide energy for muscle contraction Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
WARM UP QUESTION Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell? A. perimysium B. endomysium C. epimysium D. fascicle Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
WARM UP QUESTION An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the ____. A. sarcoplasmic reticulum B. mitochondria C. intermediate filament network D. myofibrillar network Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
WARM UP QUESTION Calcium ions bind to the ____ molecule in skeletal muscle cells. A. actin B. tropomyosin C. troponin D. myosin Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
WARM UP QUESTION • The strongest muscle contractions are normally achieved by ____. A. increasing stimulus above threshold B. increasing stimulus above the treppe stimulus C. increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus D. recruiting small and medium muscle fibers Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
WARM UP QUESTION Which cells have the greatest ability to regenerate? A. skeletal B. cardiac C. smooth D. no muscle can regenerate Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
WARM UP QUESTION Which of the following statements is true regarding the total number of skeletal muscles in the human body? A. There approximately the same number of muscles as bones: 206. B. There approximately 350 muscles in the body. C. There are over 600 muscles in the body. D. If one considers the very tiny, insignificant muscles, there are over 1000 muscles in the body. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Skeletal Muscles: Functional Groups 1. Prime movers • Provide the major force for producing a specific movement 2. Antagonists • Oppose or reverse a particular movement Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Skeletal Muscles: Functional Groups 3. Synergists • Add force to a movement • Reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement 4. Fixators • Synergists that immobilize a bone or muscle’s origin Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
TRUE OR FALSE • Muscles that help to maintain posture are often called synergists. FALSE – They are called FIXATORS Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
QUESTION A muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement is called ____. A. a synergist B. an agonist C. an antagonist D. a fixator Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
QUESTION A muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a(n) ____. A. antagonist B. fixator C. synergist D. protagonist Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Skeletal Muscles • How are the skeletal muscles named? • L • S • D • # of • A Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Skeletal Muscles • How are the skeletal muscles named? • Location • Shape • Size • Direction of fibers • Number of origins • Attachments • Action Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Skeletal Muscles • Location—bone or body region associated with the muscle • Shape—e. g. , deltoid muscle (deltoid = triangle) • Relative size—e. g. , maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), longus (long) • Direction of fibers or fascicles—e. g. , rectus (fibers run straight), transversus, and oblique (fibers run at angles to an imaginary defined axis) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Skeletal Muscles • Number of origins—e. g. , biceps (2 origins) and triceps (3 origins) • Location of attachments—named according to point of origin or insertion • Action—e. g. , flexor or extensor, muscles that flex or extend, respectively Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
QUESTION What primarily determines the power of a muscle? A. the length B. the shape C. the number of neurons innervating it D. the total number of muscle cells available for contraction Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Power. Point® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College CHAPTER 10 Arrangements Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
TRUE OR FALSE • Although all skeletal muscles have different shapes, the fascicle arrangement of each muscle is exactly the same. FALSE – Of course not! Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscle Mechanics: Arrangement of Fascicles • Circular • Fascicles arranged in concentric rings (e. g. , orbicularis oris) • Convergent • Fascicles converge toward a single tendon insertion (e. g. , pectoralis major) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
QUESTION Orbicularis oris ____. A. closes, purses, and protrudes the lips B. pulls the lower lip down and back C. draws the eyebrows together D. allows blinking, squinting, and various other protective mechanisms for the eye Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscle Mechanics: Arrangement of Fascicles • Parallel • Fascicles parallel to the long axis of a straplike muscle (e. g. , sartorius) • Fusiform • Spindle-shaped muscles with parallel fibers (e. g. , biceps brachii) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscle Mechanics: Arrangement of Fascicles • Pennate • Short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle (e. g. , rectus femoris) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
TRUE OR FALSE The arrangement of a muscle's fascicles determines its range of motion and power. TRUE! Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
TRUE OR FALSE Muscle power does not depend on the direction of the fascicles. TRUE! Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
QUESTION With regard to muscle fiber arrangement in a pennate muscle ____. A. the fascicles are short and attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of a muscle B. the fascicular pattern is circular C. the fascicles form a triangle D. the fascicles are in a fusiform arrangement Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
QUESTION The muscles that are found at openings of the body are collectively called ____. A. convergent muscles B. circular muscles C. parallel muscles D. divergent muscles Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
(a) (b) Circular (orbicularis oris) (c) (g) (f) (e) (c) Parallel (sartorius) (d) (e) Bipennate (rectus femoris) (f) Fusiform (biceps brachii) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. (b) Convergent (pectoralis major) (d) Unipennate (extensor digitorum longus) (g) Multipennate (deltoid) Figure 10. 1
Major Skeletal Muscles of the Body • Grouped by function and location • Information for each muscle • Name and description—note information in the name • Origin and insertion—there is usually a joint between the origin and the insertion • Action—insertion moves toward origin; best learned by acting out muscle movement on one’s own body • Innervation—name of major nerve that supplies the muscle Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscle's name, you can assume that ____. A. the muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively B. the muscle is able to change direction twice, three times, or four times faster than other muscles, respectively C. the muscle has two, three, or four functions, respectively D. the muscle has two, three, or four insertions, respectively Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
QUESTION The names of muscles often indicate the action of the muscle. When the term levator is part of the descriptive term for a muscleʹs action, this means that ____. A. the muscle flexes and rotates a region B. the muscle is a fixator and stabilizes a bone or joint C. the muscle elevates and/or adducts a region D. the muscle functions as a synergist Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
QUESTION The suprahyoid muscles ____. A. depress the larynx and hyoid bone if the mandible is fixed B. are a group of muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the oral cavity C. Move the pharynx superiorly during swallowing D. are often called strap muscles Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Head Temporalis Masseter Shoulder Trapezius Deltoid Arm Triceps brachii Brachialis Forearm Pronator teres Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Pelvis/thigh Iliopsoas Pectineus Thigh Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Leg Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Facial Epicranius, frontal belly Orbicularis oculi Zygomaticus Orbicularis oris Neck Sternohyoid Platysma Sternocleidomastoid Thorax Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior Pectoralis major Intercostals Abdomen Rectus abdominis Internal oblique Transversus abdominis External oblique Thigh Tensor fasciae latae Sartorius Adductor longus Gracilis Leg Gastrocnemius Soleus Figure 10. 4
Arm Triceps brachii Brachialis Forearm Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Iliotibial tract Leg Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis longus Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Neck Epicranius, occipital belly Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Shoulder Deltoid Infraspinatus Teres major Rhomboid major Latissimus dorsi Hip Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Thigh Adductor magnus Hamstrings: Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Figure 10. 5
QUESTION A muscle located on the dorsal side of the body is the ____. A. pectoralis minor B. rectus femoris C. rectus abdominis D. infraspinatus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
QUESTION Which of the following muscles does not act in plantar flexion? A. popliteus B. tibialis posterior C. flexor digitorum longus D. gastrocnemius and soleus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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