Power Point Lecture Slides prepared by Barbara Heard

Power. Point® Lecture Slides prepared by Barbara Heard, Atlantic Cape Community Ninth Edition College Human Anatomy & Physiology CHAPTER 7 The Skeleton: Part A © Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Skeletal System • Composed of bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments • 20% of body mass

The Axial Skeleton • Consists of 80 bones • Three major regions – Skull

Figure 7. 1 a The human skeleton. Skull Cranium Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Vertebral column Sacrum Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

Figure 7. 1 b The human skeleton. Cranium Bones of pectoral girdle Clavicle Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Upper limb Bones of pelvic girdle Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Lower limb Tibia Fibula Posterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Skull • Formed by two sets of bones 1. Cranial bones (cranium) • Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity – Cranial vault (calvaria) – Cranial base: anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae • Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Skull 2. Facial bones – Framework of face – Cavities for special sense organs for sight, taste, and smell – Openings for air and food passage – Sites of attachment for teeth and muscles of facial expression © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 2 a The skull: Cranial and facial divisions and fossae. Bones of cranium Coronal suture Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Facial bones Cranial and facial divisions of the skull © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 2 b The skull: Cranial and facial divisions and fossae. Anterior cranial

Figure 7. 2 c The skull: Cranial and facial divisions and fossae. Temporal lobe of cerebrum Frontal lobe of cerebrum Cerebellum Posterior Cranial fossae Middle Anterior Lateral view of cranial fossae showing the contained brain regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Skull Geography • • • Cranial cavity Middle and internal ear cavities Nasal cavity

Figure 7. 3 Major cavities of the skull, frontal section. Cranial cavity Frontal sinus Orbit Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Ethmoidal air cells Ethmoid bone Maxillary sinus Inferior nasal concha Nasal cavity Oral cavity Maxilla Vomer Mandible © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Eight Cranial Bones • • • Frontal bone Parietal bones (2) Occipital bone Temporal

Frontal Bone • • Anterior portion of cranium Most of anterior cranial fossa Superior

Figure 7. 4 Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull. Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Anterior view Sagittal suture Parietal bone Sutural Mandibular bone symphysis Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. External occipital protuberance Occipitomastoid External suture occipital Posterior view crest Occipital condyle Mastoid process of temporal bone Inferior nuchal line

Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures • Superior and lateral aspects of cranial vault • Four sutures mark articulations of parietal bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones: 1. Coronal suture—between parietal bones and frontal bone 2. Sagittal suture—between right and left parietal bones 3. Lambdoid suture—between parietal bones and occipital bone 4. Squamous (squamosal) sutures—between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 5 a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Coronal suture Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal fossa Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Occipital bone Zygomatic process Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Alveolar processes Condylar process Mandibular notch Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular ramus External anatomy of the right side of the skull © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Mandibular angle Coronoid process

Figure 7. 5 b Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Coronal suture Parietal bone Squamous suture Temporal bone Zygomatic process Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Condylar process Mandibular angle Photograph of right side of skull © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Lacrimal fossa Zygomatic bone Coronoid process Maxilla Alveolar processes Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus

Figure 7. 5 c Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Parietal bone Squamous suture Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture External occipital protuberance Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica of sphenoid bone Coronal suture Frontal bone Greater wing Sphenoid bone Lesser wing Frontal sinus Crista galli Nasal bone Sphenoidal sinus Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) Vomer Incisive fossa Maxilla Alveolar processes Pterygoid process of sphenoid bone Mandible Mandibular foramen Palatine bone Palatine process of maxilla Midsagittal section showing the internal anatomy of the left half of skull © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 5 d Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Greater wing of sphenoid bone Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Petrous part of temporal bone External occipital protuberance Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica and sphenoidal sinus Photo of skull cut through the midline, same view as in (c) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal sinus Crista galli Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone

Occipital Bone • Most of skull's posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa • Articulates with 1 st vertebra • Sites of attachment for ligamentum nuchae and many neck and back muscles © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 4 b Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull. Sagittal suture Parietal bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Occipitomastoid External suture occipital Posterior view crest © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Occipital condyle Mastoid process of temporal bone Inferior nuchal line

Figure 7. 6 a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Hard palate Maxilla (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Vomer Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Basilar part of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) © 2013 Pearson Education, Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Occipital bone Foramen magnum

Figure 7. 6 b Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Hard palate Zygomatic arch Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Foramen spinosum Carotid canal Styloid process Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Photo of inferior view of the skull © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior nuchal line

Temporal Bones • Inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial floor • Four

Figure 7. 8 The temporal bone. External acoustic meatus Squamous part Zygomatic process Petrous

Figure 7. 6 a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Hard palate Maxilla (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Vomer Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Basilar part of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) © 2013 Pearson Education, Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Occipital bone Foramen magnum

Figure 7. 7 a The base of the cranial cavity. View Cribriform Ethmoid plate bone Crista galli Anterior cranial fossa Lesser wing Sphenoid Greater wing Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone (petrous part) Posterior cranial fossa Parietal bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal bone Cribriform foramina Optic canal Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal

Figure 7. 7 b The base of the cranial cavity. Crista galli Cribriform plate Ethmoid bone Anterior cranial fossa Sphenoid Lesser wing Greater wing Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone (petrous part) Posterior cranial fossa Parietal bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal bone Cribriform foramina Optic canal Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Jugular foramen

Sphenoid Bone • Complex, bat-shaped bone • Keystone bone – Articulates with all other cranial bones • Three pairs of processes – Greater wings – Lesser wings – Pterygoid processes © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 9 a The sphenoid bone. Optic canal Greater wing Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Body of sphenoid Superior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum

Figure 7. 9 b The sphenoid bone. Body of sphenoid Greater wing Lesser wing

Ethmoid Bone • Deepest skull bone • Superior part of nasal septum, roof of

Figure 7. 10 The ethmoid bone. Crista galli Cribriform plate with cribriform foramina Orbital plate Left lateral mass Ethmoidal air cells Perpendicular plate © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Middle nasal concha

Figure 7. 4 a Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull. Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Mandibular symphysis

Figure 7. 7 a The base of the cranial cavity. View Cribriform Ethmoid plate bone Crista galli Anterior cranial fossa Lesser wing Sphenoid Greater wing Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone (petrous part) Posterior cranial fossa Parietal bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal bone Cribriform foramina Optic canal Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal

Sutural Bones • Tiny irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures © 2013 Pearson

Figure 7. 4 b Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull. Sagittal suture Parietal bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Occipitomastoid External suture occipital Posterior view crest © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Occipital condyle Mastoid process of temporal bone Inferior nuchal line

Fourteen Facial Bones • Mandible • Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2) • Zygomatic bones (2) • Nasal bones (2) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • • Lacrimal bones (2) Palatine bones (2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae (2)

Mandible • Lower jaw • Largest, strongest bone of face • Temporomandibular joint –

Figure 7. 11 a Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla. Temporomandibular joint Mandibular notch Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Coronoid process Mandibular foramen Condylar process Alveolar process Mental foramen Ramus of mandible Mandibular angle Body of mandible Mandible, right lateral view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Maxillary Bones • Medially fused to form upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton • Keystone bones – Articulate with all other facial bones except mandible • Contain maxillary sinuses – Largest of paranasal sinuses © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 11 b Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla. Orbital surface Zygomatic process (cut) Maxilla, right lateral view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Articulates withfrontal bone Frontal process Infraorbital foramen Anterior nasal spine Alveolar process

Figure 7. 4 a Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull. Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Mandibular symphysis

Figure 7. 6 a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Hard palate Maxilla (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Vomer Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Basilar part of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) © 2013 Pearson Education, Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Occipital bone Foramen magnum

Zygomatic Bones • Cheekbones • Inferolateral margins of orbits © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 4 a Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull. Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Mandibular symphysis

Nasal Bones and Lacrimal Bones • Nasal bones – Form bridge of nose •

Figure 7. 5 a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Coronal suture Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal fossa Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Occipital bone Zygomatic process Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Alveolar processes Condylar process Mandibular notch Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular ramus External anatomy of the right side of the skull © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Mandibular angle Coronoid process

Palatine Bones and Vomer • Palatine bones – Posterior one-third of hard palate – Posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity – Small part of the orbits © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • Vomer – Plow shaped – Inferior part of nasal septum

Figure 7. 6 a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Hard palate Maxilla (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Vomer Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Basilar part of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) © 2013 Pearson Education, Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Occipital bone Foramen magnum

Figure 7. 13 b Bones of the nasal cavity. Ethmoid bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Sella turcica Nasal bone Sphenoidal sinus Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Septal cartilage Vomer Palatine bone Alveolar process Hard Palatine process of maxilla palate of maxilla Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inferior Nasal Conchae • Form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity • Largest

Figure 7. 13 a Bones of the nasal cavity. Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Frontal sinus Superior nasal concha Ethmoid Middle bone nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Anterior nasal spine Maxillary bone Sphenoidal (palatine process) sinus Sphenoid Pterygoid bone process Palatine bone (horizontal plate) (perpendicular plate) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Orbits • Cavities that encase eyes and lacrimal glands • Sites of attachment for eye muscles • Formed by parts of seven bones – Frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 12 a Bones that form the orbits. Photograph, right orbit © 2013

Figure 7. 12 b Bones that form the orbits. Roof of orbit • Lesser wing of sphenoid bone • Orbital plate of frontal bone Supraorbital notch Lateral wall of orbit • Zygomatic process of frontal bone • Greater wing of sphenoid bone • Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Inferior orbital fissure Infraorbital groove Zygomatic bone Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Medial wall • Sphenoid body • Orbital plate of ethmoid bone • Frontal process of maxilla • Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Floor of orbit • Orbital process of palatine bone • Orbital surface of maxillary bone • Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Contribution of each of the seven bones forming the right orbit © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Nasal Cavity • Roof, lateral walls, and floor formed by parts of four bones – – Ethmoid Palatine bones Maxillary bones Inferior nasal conchae • Nasal septum of bone and hyaline cartilage – Perpendicular plate of ethmoid – Vomer – Anterior septal cartilage © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 13 a Bones of the nasal cavity. Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Frontal sinus Superior nasal concha Ethmoid Middle bone nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Anterior nasal spine Maxillary bone Sphenoidal (palatine process) sinus Sphenoid Pterygoid bone process Palatine bone (horizontal plate) (perpendicular plate) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 13 b Bones of the nasal cavity. Ethmoid bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Sella turcica Nasal bone Sphenoidal sinus Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Septal cartilage Vomer Palatine bone Alveolar process Hard Palatine process of maxilla palate of maxilla Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Paranasal Sinuses • • • Mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces Lighten skull Enhance resonance of voice Warm and humidify air Found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.