Power Point Lecture Slides prepared by Barbara Heard

Power. Point® Lecture Slides prepared by Barbara Heard, Atlantic Cape Community Ninth Edition College Human Anatomy & Physiology CHAPTER 7 The Skeleton: Part C © Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Skeleton • Bones of limbs and their girdles – Pectoral girdle • Attaches

Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle) • Clavicles and scapulae – Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton – Provide attachment sites for muscles that move upper limbs PLAY A&P Flix™: Movement of the Pectoral Girdle © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 25 a The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Acromioclavicular joint Clavicle Scapula ©

Clavicles (Collarbones) • Cone-shaped sternal end articulates with sternum medially • Flattened acromial end articulates laterally with scapula • Anchor muscles • Act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 25 b The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Sternal (medial) end Posterior Anterior

Figure 7. 25 c The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Acromial end Anterior Trapezoid line

Scapulae (Shoulder Blades) • On dorsal surface of rib cage, between ribs 2 and 7 • Flat and triangular, with three borders and three angles • Several large fossae named according to location © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 26 a The scapula. Suprascapular notch Acromion Superior border Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Lateral border Right scapula, anterior aspect © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior angle Subscapular fossa Medial border Inferior angle

Figure 7. 26 b The scapula. Suprascapular notch Superior angle Supraspinous fossa Spine Infraspinous fossa Medial border Coracoid process Acromion Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Lateral border Right scapula, posterior aspect © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 26 c The scapula. Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Subscapular fossa Posterior Anterior Acromion Supraglenoid tubercle Coracoid process Spine Infraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity Infraglenoid tubercle Subscapular fossa Inferior angle Right scapula, lateral aspect © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Upper Limb • 30 bones form skeletal framework of each upper limb – Arm • Humerus – Forearm • Radius and ulna – Hand • 8 carpal bones in the wrist • 5 metacarpal bones in the palm • 14 phalanges in the fingers © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Humerus • Largest, longest bone of upper limb • Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity

Figure 7. 27 The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow. Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Head of humerus Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Intertubercular sulcus Radial groove Deltoid tuberosity Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Medial supracondylar ridge Lateral supracondylar ridge Radial fossa Capitulum © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea Posterior view Lateral epicondyle

Bones of the Forearm • Ulna – Medial bone in forearm – Forms major portion of elbow joint with humerus • Radius – Lateral bone in forearm – Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna – Interosseous membrane connects radius and ulna along their entire length © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 28 a–b Radius and ulna of the right forearm. Radial notch of the ulna Head Neck Radial tuberosity Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Proximal radioulnar joint Head of radius Neck of radius Interosseous membrane Ulna Radius Ulnar notch of the radius Radius Head of ulna © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Ulnar styloid process Distal Radial styloid radioulnar process joint Anterior view Radial styloid process Posterior view

Figure 7. 28 c–d Radius and ulna of the right forearm. Olecranon Trochlear notch View Coronoid process Radial notch Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view Ulnar notch of radius Articulation for lunate Articulation for scaphoid Radial styloid process View © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Head of Ulnar styloid process ulna Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist

Figure 7. 27 c–d The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow. Humerus Coronoid fossa Capitulum Medial epicondyle Head of radius Trochlea Radial tuberosity Radius Coronoid process of ulna Radial notch Ulna Anterior view at the elbow region Humerus Olecranon fossa Olecranon Medial epicondyle Ulna © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lateral epicondyle Head Neck Radius Posterior view of extended elbow

Hand: Carpus, Metacarpus, and Phalanges • Carpus (Wrist) – Eight bones in two rows • Proximal row—lateral to medial – Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform • Distal row—lateral to medial – Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate – Only scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum form wrist joint © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hand: Metacarpus and Phalanges • Metacarpus (Palm) – Five metacarpal bones (I to V from thumb to little finger) form the palm • Phalanges (Fingers) – Fingers numbered I to V starting at thumb (pollex) – Digit I (Pollex) has 2 bones - no middle phalanx – Digits II to V have 3 bones—distal, middle, and proximal phalanx © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 29 Bones of the right hand. Phalanges • Distal • Middle • Proximal Carpals • Hamate • Capitate • Pisiform • Triquetrum • Lunate Ulna III II V IV Metacarpals • Head • Shaft • Base Sesamoid bones I Carpals • Trapezium • Trapezoid • Scaphoid I II IV V Radius Anterior view of right hand © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view of right hand Carpals • Hamate • Capitate • Triquetrum • Lunate Ulna

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle • Two hip bones (coxal bones or os coxae) and sacrum – Attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments – Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs – Support pelvic organs • Less mobility but more stable than shoulder joint • Three fused bones form coxal bone – Ilium, ischium, and pubis • Bony pelvis formed by coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 30 Pelvis. PLAY Animation: Rotatable Pelvis © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hip Bone • Three regions 1. Ilium • Superior region of coxal bone • Auricular surface articulates with sacrum (sacroiliac joint) 2. Ischium • Posteroinferior part of hip bone 3. Pubis • Anterior portion of hip bone • Pubis joins at pubic symphysis joint © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 31 a The hip (coxal) bones. Anterior gluteal line Ilium Ala Iliac crest Posterior gluteal line Anterior superior Inferior iliac spine gluteal line Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior i. Iiac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial body Acetabulum Ischial spine Pubic body Lesser sciatic notch Ischium Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lateral view, right hip bone Pubis Obturator foramen Inferior pubic ramus

Figure 7. 31 c The hip (coxal) bones. Anterior gluteal line Ilium Posterior gluteal line Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Inferior gluteal line Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Greater sciatic notch Ischial body Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Ischium Ischial tuberosity © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Pubic body Pubic tubercle Inferior pubic ramus Ischial ramus Lateral view, right hip bone Obturator foramen

Figure 7. 31 b The hip (coxal) bones. Ilium Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Arcuate line Superior pubic ramus Pubic tubercle Iliac fossa Body of the ilium Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Auricular surface Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Obturator foramen Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis) Inferior pubic ramus Medial view, right hip bone © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Ischium Ischial ramus

Figure 7. 31 d The hip (coxal) bones. Auricular surface Ilium Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Iliac fossa Arcuate line Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Superior pubic ramus Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Pubic tubercle Lesser sciatic notch Ischium © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Inferior pubic Articular Ischial ramus surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis) Medial view, right hip bone Obturator foramen

Comparison of Male and Female Pelves • Female pelvis – Adapted for childbearing – True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth canal – Cavity of true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Comparison of Male and Female Pelves • Male pelvis – Tilted less far forward – Adapted for support of male's heavier build and stronger muscles – Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 7. 4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (1 of 3) ©

Table 7. 4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (2 of 3) ©

Table 7. 4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (3 of 3) ©

The Lower Limb • Carries entire weight of erect body • Subjected to exceptional

Bones Of The Thigh • Femur – Largest and strongest bone in the body – Length ~ ¼ of person's height – Articulates proximally with acetabulum of hip and distally with tibia and patella • Patella – Sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 32 a–b Bones of the right knee and thigh. Fovea capitis Neck Greater trochanter Head Intertrochanteric crest Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Apex Anterior Facet for lateral condyle of femur Medial and lateral supracondylar lines Facet for medial condyle of femur Popliteal surface Intercondylar fossa Surface for patellar ligament Posterior Patella (kneecap) Lateral epicondyle Medial condyle Lateral epicondyle Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Anterior view Femur (thigh bone) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lateral condyle Posterior view

Bones Of The Leg • Tibia – Medial leg bone – Receives weight of body from femur; transmits to foot • Fibula – Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur – Several muscles originate from fibula – Articulates proximally and distally with tibia • Tibia and fibula connected by interosseous membrane © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 33 a The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Head Superior tibiofibular joint Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior border Fibula Tibia Inferior tibiofibular Medial joint malleolus Lateral malleolus Inferior articular surface Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 33 b The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Articular surface of medial condyle Medial condyle Articular surface of lateral condyle Head of fibula Interosseous membrane Tibia Medial malleolus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Fibula Lateral malleolus Inferior articular surface Posterior view

Figure 7. 33 c–d The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Lateral condyle Fibula articulates here Lateral condyle Tibial tuberosity Line for soleus muscle Anterior view, proximal tibia © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view, proximal tibia

Figure 7. 33 e The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Parts of

Foot: Tarsus, Metatarsus, Phalanges • Tarsus – Seven tarsal bones form posterior half of foot – Body weight carried primarily by talus and calcaneus – Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform bones © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges • Metatarsals: – Five metatarsal bones (I to V from hallux to little toe) – Enlarged head of metatarsal I forms "ball of the foot" • Phalanges – 14 bones of toes – Digit I (Hallux) has 2 bones - no middle phalanx – Digits II to V have 3 bones—distal, middle, and proximal phalanx © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 34 a Bones of the right foot. Distal Middle Proximal I Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Navicular II IV Metatarsals V Lateral cuneiform Cuboid Tarsals Talus Trochlea of talus Calcaneus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior view Phalanges

Figure 7. 34 b Bones of the right foot. Intermediate cuneiform First metatarsal Medial view PLAY Talus Medial malleolar Navicular facet Sustentaculum tali (talar shelf) Calcaneus Medial cuneiform Calcaneal tuberosity Animation: Rotatable Bones of the Foot © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 34 c Bones of the right foot. Lateral malleolar facet Navicular Intermediate

Arches Of The Foot • Maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons • Allow foot to bear weight • Three arches – Lateral longitudinal – Medial longitudinal – Transverse © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 35 a Arches of the foot. Medial longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral

Figure 7. 35 b Arches of the foot. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. X

Developmental Aspects: Fetal Skull • Infant skull has more bones than adult skull – Skull bones such as mandible and frontal bones are unfused – Skull bones connected by fontanelles • Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes • Ease birth and allow brain growth • Four fontanelles – Anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoidal © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 36 a–b Skull of a newborn. Frontal bone Frontal suture Anterior fontanelle Ossification center Parietal bone Posterior fontanelle Occipital bone Superior view Frontal bone Parietal bone Ossification center Posterior fontanelle Mastoid fontanelle Occipital bone Temporal bone (squamous portion) Lateral view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Sphenoidal fontanelle

Congenital Abnormalities Of Skull • Cleft palate – No medial fusion of right and

Figure 7. 37 A baby born with a cleft lip and palate. © 2013

Developmental Aspects: Growth Rates • At birth, cranium huge relative to face • At 9 months, cranium is ½ adult size • Mandible and maxilla are foreshortened but lengthen with age • Arms and legs grow at faster rate than head and trunk, leading to adult proportions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7. 39 a Different growth rates of body parts determine body proportions. Human

Figure 7. 39 b Different growth rates of body parts determine body proportions. Newborn

Developmental Aspects: Spinal Curvature • Primary thoracic and sacral curvatures obvious at birth –

Figure 7. 38 The C-shaped spine of a newborn infant. © 2013 Pearson Education,

Developmental Aspects: Spinal Curvature • Secondary curvatures – Cervical and lumbar—convex anteriorly – Appear

Developmental Aspects: Old Age • Intervertebral discs thin, less hydrated, and less elastic – Risk of disc herniation increases • Several centimeter height loss common by 55 • Costal cartilages ossify – Rigid thorax causes shallow breathing and less efficient gas exchange • All bones lose mass, so fracture risk increases © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.