Power Point Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty BostwickTaylor

Power. Point® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Human Body: An Orientation 1 PART A Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy § Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology § Study of how the body and its parts work or function Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy—Levels of Study § Gross anatomy § Large structures § Easily observable Figure 14. 1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy—Levels of Study § Microscopic Anatomy § Very small structures § Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14. 4 c–d Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle Blood tissue vessel (organ) Connective tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Cardiovascular system Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 1

Levels of Structural Organization Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1. 1, step 1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1. 1, step 2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Smooth muscle tissue Figure 1. 1, step 3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle Blood tissue vessel (organ) Connective tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Figure 1. 1, step 4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle Blood tissue vessel (organ) Connective tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Cardiovascular system Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 1, step 5

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Blood vessel (organ) Cardiovascular system Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 1, step 6

Organ System Overview § Integumentary § Forms the external body covering § Protects deeper tissue from injury § Helps regulate body temperature § Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1. 2 a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview § Skeletal § Protects and supports body organs § Provides muscle attachment for movement § Site of blood cell formation § Stores minerals Figure 1. 2 b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview § Muscular § Produces movement § Maintains posture § Produces heat Figure 1. 2 c Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview § Nervous § Fast-acting control system § Responds to internal and external change § Activates muscles and glands Figure 1. 2 d Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview § Endocrine § Secretes regulatory hormones § Growth § Reproduction § Metabolism Figure 1. 2 e Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview § Cardiovascular § Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart § Oxygen § Carbon dioxide § Nutrients § Wastes Figure 1. 2 f Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview § Lymphatic § Returns fluids to blood vessels § Cleanses the blood § Involved in immunity Figure 1. 2 g Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview § Respiratory § Keeps blood supplied with oxygen § Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1. 2 h Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview § Digestive § Breaks down food § Allows for nutrient absorption into blood § Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1. 2 i Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview § Urinary § Eliminates nitrogenous wastes § Maintains acid-base balance § Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1. 2 j Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview § Reproductive § Produces offspring Figure 1. 2 k–l Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Necessary Life Functions § Maintain boundaries § Movement § Locomotion § Movement of substances § Responsiveness § Ability to sense changes and react § Digestion § Break-down and absorption of nutrients Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Necessary Life Functions § Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body § Produces energy § Makes body structures § Excretion § Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Necessary Life Functions § Reproduction § Produces future generation § Growth § Increases cell size and number of cells Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Survival Needs § Nutrients § Chemicals for energy and cell building § Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals § Oxygen § Required for chemical reactions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Survival Needs § Water § 60– 80% of body weight § Provides for metabolic reaction § Stable body temperature § Atmospheric pressure § Must be appropriate Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Interrelationships Among Body Systems Figure 1. 3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostasis § Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment § A dynamic state of equilibrium § Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life § Homeostatic imbalance § A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Effector Receptor (sensor) Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Imb ala nce Variable (in homeostasis) Imb ala nce Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Figure 1. 4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Variable (in homeostasis) Figure 1. 4, step 1 a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stimulus: Produces change in variable Imb ala nce Variable (in homeostasis) Imb ala nce Figure 1. 4, step 1 b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Receptor (sensor) Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Imb ala nce Variable (in homeostasis) Imb ala nce Figure 1. 4, step 2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Receptor (sensor) Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Imb ala nce Variable (in homeostasis) Imb ala nce Figure 1. 4, step 3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Effector Receptor (sensor) Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Imb ala nce Variable (in homeostasis) Imb ala nce Figure 1. 4, step 4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Effector Receptor (sensor) Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Imb ala nce Variable (in homeostasis) Imb ala nce Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Figure 1. 4, step 5 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Maintaining Homeostasis § The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems § Receptor § Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) § Sends information to control center Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Maintaining Homeostasis § Control center § Determines set point § Analyzes information § Determines appropriate response § Effector § Provides a means for response to the stimulus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Feedback Mechanisms § Negative feedback § Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms § Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity § Works like a household thermostat Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Feedback Mechanisms § Positive feedback § Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther § In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy § Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding § Exact terms are used for § Position § Direction § Regions § Structures Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Regional Terms § Anterior body landmarks Figure 1. 5 a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Regional Terms § Posterior body landmarks Figure 1. 5 b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Directional Terms Table 1. 1 (1 of 3) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Directional Terms Table 1. 1 (2 of 3) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Directional Terms Table 1. 1 (3 of 3) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body Planes and Sections § A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts § A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts § A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts § A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body Planes and Sections Figure 1. 6 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body Cavities § Dorsal body cavity § Cranial cavity houses the brain § Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord § Ventral body cavity § Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others § Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body Cavities Figure 1. 7 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Abdominopelvic Quadrants Figure 1. 8 a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1. 8 b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1. 8 c Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

§ Other Body cavities § Oral & digestive § Nasal § Middle ear Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The End Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings