Power Point Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty BostwickTaylor
Power. Point® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Cells and Tissues 3 PART A Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Standard- SAP 1. Students will analyze anatomical structures in relationship to their physiological functions. § d. Relate cellular metabolism and transport to homeostasis and cellular reproduction § e. Describe how structure and function are related in terms of cell and tissue types. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Questions § Essential Question(s): How are anatomical structures (body parts) related to physiological Functions (how they move)? § Key Questions: § What are organelles? § What are the different organelles and their functions? § What are the different types of cells? § What are the tissue types? § What is cellular metabolism? § What is cellular transport? § How do cellular metabolism and cellular transport affect homeostasis & cellular reproduction? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Theory § All cells come from pre-existing cells § Cell are the basic unit of structure and function § All living things are composed of cells Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cells and Tissues § Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life § Cells are the building blocks of all living things § Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy of the Cell § Cells are not all the same § All cells share general structures § All cells have three main regions § Nucleus § Cytoplasm § Plasma membrane Figure 3. 1 a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Nucleus § Control center of the cell § Contains genetic material (DNA) § Three regions § Nuclear envelope (membrane) § Nucleolus § Chromatin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Nucleus Figure 3. 1 b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Nucleus § Nuclear envelope (membrane) § Barrier of the nucleus § Consists of a double membrane § Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Nucleus § Nucleoli § Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli § Sites of ribosome assembly § Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Nucleus § Chromatin § Composed of DNA and protein § Present when the cell is not dividing § Scattered throughout the nucleus § Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Plasma Membrane § Barrier for cell contents § Double phospholipid layer § Hydrophilic heads § Hydrophobic tails § Also contains proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Plasma Membrane PLAY Membrane Structure Figure 3. 2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Plasma Membrane Specializations § Microvilli § Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Plasma Membrane Specializations § Membrane junctions § Tight junctions § Impermeable junctions § Bind cells together into leakproof sheets § Desmosomes § Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart § Gap junctions § Allow communication between cells Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Plasma Membrane Specializations Figure 3. 3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Plasma Membrane Specializations PLAY Tight Junctions PLAY Desmosomes (Anchoring Junctions) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cytoplasm § Cytoplasm is the material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cytoplasm § Contains three major elements § Cytosol § Fluid that suspends other elements § Organelles § Metabolic machinery of the cell § “Little organs” that perform functions for the cell § Inclusions § Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3. 4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cytoplasmic Organelles § Mitochondria § “Powerhouses” of the cell § Change shape continuously § Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food § Provides ATP for cellular energy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cytoplasmic Organelles § Ribosomes § Made of protein and RNA § Sites of protein synthesis § Found at two locations § Free in the cytoplasm § As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cytoplasmic Organelles § Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) § Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances § Two types of ER § Rough endoplasmic reticulum § Studded with ribosomes § Synthesizes proteins § Smooth endoplasmic reticulum § Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome m. RNA Rough ER As the protein is synthesized on the ribosome, it migrates into the rough ER cistern. In the cistern, the protein folds into its functional shape. Short sugar chains may be attached to the protein (forming a glycoprotein). Protein The protein is packaged in a tiny membranous sac called a transport vesicle. Transport vesicle buds off Protein inside transport vesicle The transport vesicle buds from the rough ER and travels to the Golgi apparatus for further processing or goes directly to the plasma membrane where its contents are secreted. Figure 3. 5 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome m. RNA As the protein is synthesized on the ribosome, it migrates into the rough ER cistern. Rough ER Protein Figure 3. 5, step 1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome m. RNA Rough ER As the protein is synthesized on the ribosome, it migrates into the rough ER cistern. In the cistern, the protein folds into its functional shape. Short sugar chains may be attached to the protein (forming a glycoprotein). Protein Figure 3. 5, step 2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome m. RNA Rough ER As the protein is synthesized on the ribosome, it migrates into the rough ER cistern. In the cistern, the protein folds into its functional shape. Short sugar chains may be attached to the protein (forming a glycoprotein). Protein Transport vesicle buds off The protein is packaged in a tiny membranous sac called a transport vesicle. Figure 3. 5, step 3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome m. RNA Rough ER As the protein is synthesized on the ribosome, it migrates into the rough ER cistern. In the cistern, the protein folds into its functional shape. Short sugar chains may be attached to the protein (forming a glycoprotein). Protein The protein is packaged in a tiny membranous sac called a transport vesicle. Transport vesicle buds off Protein inside transport vesicle The transport vesicle buds from the rough ER and travels to the Golgi apparatus for further processing or goes directly to the plasma membrane where its contents are secreted. Figure 3. 5, step 4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cytoplasmic Organelles § Golgi apparatus § Modifies and packages proteins § Produces different types of packages § Secretory vesicles § Cell membrane components § Lysosomes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cytoplasmic Organelles § Lysosomes § Contain enzymes that digest worn-out or nonusable materials within the cell Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cytoplasmic Organelles § Peroxisomes § Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes § Detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde § Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals) § Replicate by pinching in half Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cytoplasmic Organelles § Cytoskeleton § Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm § Provides the cell with an internal framework Figure 3. 7 a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cytoplasmic Organelles § Cytoskeleton § Three different types of elements § Microfilaments (largest) § Intermediate filaments § Microtubules (smallest) Figure 3. 7 b–d Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cytoplasmic Organelles § Centrioles § Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules § Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cellular Projections § Not found in all cells § Used for movement § Cilia move materials across the cell surface § Located in the respiratory system to move mucus § Flagella propel the cell § The only flagellated cell in the human body is sperm Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
STOP § Complete Cell Organelle Worksheet Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Diversity Figure 3. 8 a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Diversity Figure 3. 8 b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Diversity Figure 3. 8 c Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Diversity Figure 3. 8 d Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Diversity Figure 3. 8 e Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Diversity Figure 3. 8 f Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Diversity Figure 3. 8 g Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
A Tour of the Cell PLAY Tour of the Cell Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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