Power Point Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty BostwickTaylor
Power. Point® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Respiration: Breathing 13 PART A Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiration (physiological) § Physiological respiration is the bulk flow and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment § Includes: 1. Pulmonary ventilation 2. External respiration 3. Gas transport 4. Internal respiration Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Four Events of Respiration 1. Pulmonary ventilation —moving air in and out of the lungs (commonly called breathing) 2. External respiration —gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli § Oxygen is loaded into the blood § Carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Four Events of Respiration 3. Respiratory gas transport —transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream 4. Internal respiration —gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) § Completely mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity § Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure § Two phases § Inspiration = inhalation § flow of air into lungs § Expiration = exhalation § air leaving lungs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Inspiration § Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract § The size of the thoracic cavity increases § External air is pulled into the lungs due to § Increase in intrapulmonary volume § Decrease in gas pressure Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Expiration § Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity § As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs due to § Decrease in intrapulmonary volume § Increase in gas pressure § Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pressure Differences in the Thoracic Cavity § Normal pressure within the pleural space is always negative (intrapleural pressure) § Differences in lung and pleural space pressures keep lungs from collapsing Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nonrespiratory Air (Gas) Movements § Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions § Examples: § Cough and sneeze —clears lungs of debris § Crying —emotionally induced mechanism § Laughing —similar to crying § Hiccup —sudden inspirations § Yawn —very deep inspiration Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nonrespiratory Air (Gas) Movements Table 13. 1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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