Power Point Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty BostwickTaylor
Power. Point® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Skin and Body Membranes 4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Membranes § Function of body membranes § Cover body surfaces § Line body cavities § Form protective sheets around organs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Body Membranes § Epithelial membranes § Cutaneous membranes § Mucous membranes § Serous membranes § Connective tissue membranes § Synovial membranes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cutaneous Membrane § Cutaneous membrane = skin § Dry membrane § Outermost protective boundary § Superficial epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium § Underlying dermis is mostly dense connective tissue Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cutaneous Membranes Figure 4. 1 a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Mucous Membranes § Surface epithelium type depends on site § Stratified squamous epithelium (mouth, esophagus) § Simple columnar epithelium (rest of digestive tract) § Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria) § Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface § Often adapted for absorption or secretion Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Mucous Membranes Figure 4. 1 b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Serous Membranes § Surface is a layer of simple squamous epithelium § Underlying layer is a thin layer of areolar connective tissue § Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body § Serous membranes occur in pairs separated by serous fluid § Visceral layer covers the outside of the organ § Parietal layer lines a portion of the wall of ventral body cavity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Serous Membranes Figure 4. 1 d Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Serous Membranes § Specific serous membranes § Peritoneum § Abdominal cavity § Pleura § Around the lungs § Pericardium § Around the heart Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Serous Membranes Figure 4. 1 c Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissue Membrane § Synovial membrane § Connective tissue only § Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints § Secretes a lubricating fluid Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissue Membrane Figure 4. 2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review questions Body Membranes § 1. The categories of epithelial tissue membranes are: § Mucous, cutaneous, and serous membranes § 2. Which type of membrane contains fluid between the visceral and perietal layers: § serous Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review questions Body Membranes § 3. Which of the following relationships is incorrect: § a. visceral peritoneum - covers the outer surface of the small intestine § b. parietal pericardium - covers the outer surface of the heart § c. parietal pleura - lines the wall of thoracic cavity § d. visceral pleura - lines the surface of the lungs § e. parietal peritoneum - lines the wall of the abdominal cavity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review questions Body Membranes § 3. Which of the following relationships is incorrect: § a. visceral peritoneum - covers the outer surface of the small intestine § b. parietal pericardium - covers the outer surface of the heart § c. parietal pleura - lines the wall of thoracic cavity § d. visceral pleura - lines the surface of the lungs § e. parietal peritoneum - lines the wall of the abdominal cavity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review questions Body Membranes § 4. Which of the following is a connective tissue membrane: § a. synovial membrane § b. cutaneous membrane § c. mucous membrane § d. serous membrane Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review questions Body Membranes § 4. Which of the following is a connective tissue membrane: § a. synovial membrane § b. cutaneous membrane § c. mucous membrane § d. serous membrane Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review questions Body Membranes § 5. The only dry membrane is the: § cutaneous membrane § 6. Synovial membranes are found in the: § joint cavities Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Integumentary System § Skin (cutaneous membrane) § Skin derivatives § Sweat glands § Oil glands § Hair § Nails Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Functions Table 4. 1 (1 of 2) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Functions Table 4. 1 (2 of 2) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Structure § Epidermis—outer layer § Stratified squamous epithelium § Often keratinized (hardened by keratin) § Dermis § Dense connective tissue Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Structure Figure 4. 3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Structure § Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is deep to dermis § Not part of the skin § Anchors skin to underlying organs § Composed mostly of adipose tissue Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Layers of the Epidermis § Stratum basale (stratum germinativum) § Deepest layer of epidermis § Lies next to dermis § Cells undergoing mitosis § Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers § Stratum spinosum § Stratum granulosum Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Layers of the Epidermis § Stratum lucidum § Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata § Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet § Stratum corneum § Outermost layer of epidermis § Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Layers of the Epidermis § Summary of layers from deepest to most superficial § Stratum basale § Stratum spinosum § Stratum granulosum § Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only) § Stratum corneum Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Melanin § Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes § Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale § Color is yellow to brown to black § Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics and exposure to sunlight Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Dermis § Two layers § Papillary layer (upper dermal region) § Projections called dermal papillae § Some contain capillary loops § Other house pain receptors and touch receptors § Reticular layer (deepest skin layer) § Blood vessels § Sweat and oil glands § Deep pressure receptors Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Dermis § Overall dermis structure § Collagen and elastic fibers located throughout the dermis § Collagen fibers give skin its toughness § Elastic fibers give skin elasticity § Blood vessels play a role in body temperature regulation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Structure Figure 4. 4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Normal Skin Color Determinants § Melanin § Yellow, brown, or black pigments § Carotene § Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables § Hemoglobin § Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries § Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Appendages § Cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands § Sebaceous glands § Sweat glands § Hair follicles § Nails Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin review questions § 1. Which of the following is a vital function of the skin: § a. it converts modified epidermal cholesterol to vitamin D § b. it aids in the transport of materials throughout the body § c. the cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy § d. it absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases § e. it aids in desiccation § 2. Although you get while swimming, a tough protein within the skin prevents it from soaking up moisture like a sponge. This substance is: § a. serous fluid § b. melanin § c. mucus § d. carotene § e. keratin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin review questions § 1. Which of the following is a vital function of the skin: § a. it converts modified epidermal cholesterol to vitamin D § b. it aids in the transport of materials throughout the body § c. the cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy § d. it absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases § e. it aids in desiccation § 2. Although you get while swimming, a tough protein within the skin prevents it from soaking up moisture like a sponge. This substance is: § a. serous fluid § b. melanin § c. mucus § d. carotene § e. keratin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin review questions § 3. The epidermis is composed of: § a. simple columnar epithelium § b. stratified squamous epithelium § c. adipose tissue § d. areolar tissue § e. dense fibrous connective tissue § 4. The uppermost layer of skin is: § a. called the dermis § b. full of keratin § c. fed by a good supply of blood vessels § d. called the hypodermis § e. composed of dense connective tissue Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin review questions § 3. The epidermis is composed of: § a. simple columnar epithelium § b. stratified squamous epithelium § c. adipose tissue § d. areolar tissue § e. dense fibrous connective tissue § 4. The uppermost layer of skin is: § a. called the dermis § b. full of keratin § c. fed by a good supply of blood vessels § d. called the hypodermis § e. composed of dense connective tissue Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin review questions § 5. A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order: § stratum basale § stratum corneum § stratum granulosum § stratum lucidum § stratum spinosum Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin review questions § 5. A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order: § 1. stratum corneum § 2. stratum granulosum § 3. stratum spinosum § 4. stratum basale § stratum lucidum (not in forearm) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin review questions § 6. The "tanning" effect (darkening of the skin) that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun is due to: § a. melanin § b. keratin § c. oil § d. Langerhans cells § e. sweat § 7. Epidermal cells that are actively mitotic and replace superficial cells that are continually rubbed off are: § a. stratum granulosum cells § b. stratum corneum cells § c. stratum lucidum cells § d. stratum spinosum cells § e. stratum germinativum cells Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin review questions § 6. The "tanning" effect (darkening of the skin) that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun is due to: § a. melanin § b. keratin § c. oil § d. Langerhans cells § e. sweat § 7. Epidermal cells that are actively mitotic and replace superficial cells that are continually rubbed off are: § a. stratum granulosum cells § b. stratum corneum cells § c. stratum lucidum cells § d. stratum spinosum cells § e. stratum germinativum cells Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin review questions § 8. Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of: § a. absorption § b. evaporation § c. filtration § d. diffusion § e. osmosis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin review questions § 8. Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of: § a. absorption § b. evaporation § c. filtration § d. diffusion § e. osmosis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
§ 9. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the papillary layer of the dermis: § a. it is the deepest layer of the skin § b. it produces the pattern for fingerprints § c. it contains nerve endings that respond to touch and temperature stimuli § d. it is highly vascular § e. it is located immediately beneath the epidermis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
§ 9. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the papillary layer of the dermis: § a. it is the deepest layer of the skin § b. it produces the pattern for fingerprints § c. it contains nerve endings that respond to touch and temperature stimuli § d. it is highly vascular § e. it is located immediately beneath the epidermis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Appendages of the Skin § Sebaceous glands § Produce oil § Lubricant for skin § Prevents brittle hair § Kills bacteria § Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface § Glands are activated at puberty Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Appendages of the Skin Figure 4. 6 a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Appendages of the Skin § Sweat glands § Produce sweat § Widely distributed in skin § Two types § Eccrine § Open via duct to pore on skin surface § Apocrine § Ducts empty into hair follicles Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Appendages of the Skin Figure 4. 6 b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sweat and Its Function § Composition § Mostly water § Salts and vitamin C § Some metabolic waste § Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only) § Function § Helps dissipate excess heat § Excretes waste products § Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth § Odor is from associated bacteria Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Appendages of the Skin § Hair § Produced by hair follicle § Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells § Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Appendages of the Skin Figure 4. 7 c Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Appendages of the Skin § Hair anatomy § Central medulla § Cortex surrounds medulla § Cuticle on outside of cortex § Most heavily keratinized Figure 4. 7 b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Appendages of the Skin § Associated hair structures § Hair follicle § Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair root § Arrector pili muscle § Smooth muscle § Pulls hairs upright when cold or frightened § Sebaceous gland § Sweat gland Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Appendages of the Skin Figure 4. 7 a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Appendages of the Skin Figure 4. 8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Appendages of the Skin § Nails § Scale-like modifications of the epidermis § Heavily keratinized § Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed § Responsible for growth § Lack of pigment makes them colorless § Pink because of blood supply underneath Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Appendages of the Skin § Nail structures § Free edge § Body is the visible attached portion § Root of nail embedded in skin § Cuticle is the proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Appendages of the Skin Figure 4. 9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Homeostatic Imbalances § Infections § Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) § Caused by fungal infection § Boils and carbuncles § Caused by bacterial infection § Cold sores § Caused by virus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Homeostatic Imbalances § Infections and allergies § Contact dermatitis § Exposures cause allergic reaction § Impetigo § Caused by bacterial infection § Psoriasis § Cause is unknown § Triggered by trauma, infection, stress Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Homeostatic Imbalances Figure 4. 10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Homeostatic Imbalances § Burns § Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals § Associated dangers § Dehydration § Electrolyte imbalance § Circulatory shock Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Rule of Nines § Way to determine the extent of burns § Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation § Each area represents about 9% of total body surface area Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Rule of Nines Figure 4. 11 a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Severity of Burns § First-degree burns § Only epidermis is damaged § Skin is red and swollen § Second-degree burns § Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged § Skin is red with blisters § Third-degree burns § Destroys entire skin layer § Burn is gray-white or black Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Severity of Burns Figure 4. 11 b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Critical Burns § Burns are considered critical if § Over 25% of body has second-degree burns § Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns § There are third-degree burns of the face, hands, or feet Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Cancer § Cancer—abnormal cell mass § Classified two ways § Benign § Does not spread (encapsulated) § Malignant § Metastasized (moves) to other parts of the body § Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Cancer Types § Basal cell carcinoma § Least malignant § Most common type § Arises from stratum basale Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Cancer Types Figure 4. 12 a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Cancer Types § Squamous cell carcinoma § Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed § Early removal allows a good chance of cure § Believed to be sun-induced § Arises from stratum spinosum Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Cancer Types Figure 4. 12 b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Cancer Types § Malignant melanoma § Most deadly of skin cancers § Cancer of melanocytes § Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels § Detection uses ABCD rule Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin Cancer Types Figure 4. 12 c Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ABCD Rule § A = Asymmetry § Two sides of pigmented mole do not match § B = Border irregularity § Borders of mole are not smooth § C = Color § Different colors in pigmented area § D = Diameter § Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review questions § In order to warm the body up when cold: § a. vitamin D is synthesized § b. sudoriferous glands release sweat § c. sebaceous glands release oil § d. the arrector pili muscles contract to stand hairs upright § Finger-like upward projections of the dermis into the epidermis are called: § a. hair follicles § b. hair bulbs § c. Meissner's corpuscles § d. dermal papillae Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review questions § In order to warm the body up when cold: § a. vitamin D is synthesized § b. sudoriferous glands release sweat § c. sebaceous glands release oil § d. the arrector pili muscles contract to stand hairs upright § Finger-like upward projections of the dermis into the epidermis are called: § a. hair follicles § b. hair bulbs § c. Meissner's corpuscles § d. dermal papillae Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review Questions § Nails are composed of: § a. melanin § b. keratin § c. carotene § The secretions of the eccrine glands are: § a. primarily uric acid § b. 99% water, sodium chloride, and trace amounts of wastes, lactic acid § c. fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review Questions § Nails are composed of: § a. melanin § b. keratin § c. carotene § The secretions of the eccrine glands are: § a. primarily uric acid § b. 99% water, sodium chloride, and trace amounts of wastes, lactic acid § c. fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review § The secretion of sweat is stimulated: § a. by high temperatures § b. when the air temperature drops § c. by hormones, especially male sex hormones § d. as a protective coating when one is swimming § e. both by high temperatures and by hormones, especially male hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review § The secretion of sweat is stimulated: § a. by high temperatures § b. when the air temperature drops § c. by hormones, especially male sex hormones § d. as a protective coating when one is swimming § e. both by high temperatures and by hormones, especially male hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review § Inflammation of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands is called: § a. impetigo § b. alopecia § c. psoriasis § d. boils § e. contact dermatitis § What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn: § a. infection § b. dehydration § c. unbearable pain § d. loss of immune function § e. blood loss Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review § Inflammation of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands is called: § a. impetigo § b. alopecia § c. psoriasis § d. boils § e. contact dermatitis § What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn: § a. infection § b. dehydration § c. unbearable pain § d. loss of immune function § e. blood loss Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review § A physician estimates the volume of fluid lost in a severely burned patient by: § a. measuring urinary output and fluid intake § b. observing the tissues that are usually moist § c. blood analysis § d. using the "rule of nines“ § e. performing enzyme studies Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review § A physician estimates the volume of fluid lost in a severely burned patient by: § a. measuring urinary output and fluid intake § b. observing the tissues that are usually moist § c. blood analysis § d. using the "rule of nines“ § e. performing enzyme studies Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review § Which of the following is an indication of melanoma: § a. a symmetrical mole § b. a pigmented spot that has smooth borders § c. a spot on the skin that is smaller than the size of a pencil eraser § d. a pigmented spot that is black § e. a pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review § Which of the following is an indication of melanoma: § a. a symmetrical mole § b. a pigmented spot that has smooth borders § c. a spot on the skin that is smaller than the size of a pencil eraser § d. a pigmented spot that is black § e. a pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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